banks of the canal and the shores of Salmon Bay. The difference between the two celebrations shows the possibilities of sixty-three years of development and doubtless another similar period of time will show still greater advancement.

In 1906 Ezra Meeker retraced the Oregon immigrant road to Indianapolis. He drove an ox team back over the trail he had first traveled, westward bound, in 1852. Since 1906 the aged pioneer has passed over the trail in a high-powered automobile. He has made himself and the old road famous and has urged Government improvement of the pioneer route to the Pacific Northwest. On all of his trips Meeker was set across the Columbia River on a ferryboat, but were he to again set out over the trail from Olympia to the Missouri River he would find the Vancouver ferry gone. Its place has been taken by a great steel bridge. As boy and man Capt. Frank Stevens for fifty-nine years crossed the Columbia River on that ferry. As deck hand he served on the combined sailing scow and row boat of pioneer days. His father was captain and later the boy became the commander. A steamboat succeeded the scow and was in turn succeeded by other steamers. Captain Stevens served on all of them and was in command of the City of Vancouver when that ferryboat sang its swan song and retired before the interstate bridge.

Early in life the Town of Vancouver, musing beside her river, dreamed a dream. She saw railroads and docks along the river bank. Ships were at her docks and bridges spanned the mighty Columbia. The railroads passed her by, built a boom town at Kalama and Vancouver was left with little save her prune orchards, her vineyards on the hillsides, her army post and her pride of ancestry. But dreams do sometimes come true and Vancouver waited patiently. Then in 1907 came James J. Hill, the empire builder, and the railway down the north. bank. Next year came a monster railway bridge. Northern Pacific and Great Northern and North Bank and Oregon & Washington trains arrived and crossed the bridge.

Vancouver awoke and in her awakening set things in motion. If railroads could build bridges for their use why could not the people build bridges for theirs? Committees were appointed, meetings were held, and the city pleaded before the legislatures of Washington and Oregon for money with which to build an interstate bridge. The legislatures listened and granted the plea. The appropriations were attacked in the courts. Vancouver ceased to plead and began to fight-nad when the battle was won, the mayor and chief of police went into hiding while the people blew the "lid skyhigh" and celebrated. A piano and a “bunch of live ones" were placed on a dray and serenaded every prominent street corner. There was dancing in the streets; fireworks and singing everywhere and then the celebrants crossed the river with Captain Stevens and took Portland by storm.

The celebration over the serious work of building the bridge began. It was a mighty undertaking—the building of this last link in the Pacific Highway stretching from that younger Vancouver in British Columbia to the ancient Spanish Town of San Diego in California. At last it was finished. It was Vancouver's 1917 Valentine from the states of Washington and Oregon, a token of love and a sign of respect for the city's ninety-three years. Again the famous old town. forgot her age and celebrated in a manner thoroughly up-to-date. Among the

Vol. I-25

speakers was Sam Hill, good roads enthusiast, who said the bridge should remain "open as long as the world shall last."

Civilization began its work in Western Washington at Vancouver-she is the Mother City of all Washington cities and it is fitting that this history close with the story of the realization of her dreams.

1

APPENDIX

COUNTIES

SNOHOMISH COUNTY

In the fall of 1855 Col. I. M. Ebey, at Port Townsend, organized a military company for service against the Indians. The little iron steamer Traveler, having in tow the schooner A. Y. Trask, transported Company I to the Snohomish River, the Indian Chief Patkanim, of the Snoqualmies, acting as pilot and guide. Eight miles up the river on the shore of Ebey Slough, the troops landed and built a fort which they named Fort Ebey. The Traveler, Captain Horton, was the first steamer to ascend the river. All through the winter the troops remained in service at Fort Ebey, but as spring approached, bringing with it expiration of service, they joined Captain Smalley's company of the Northern battalion; abandoned Fort Ebey and, going up the Snoqualmie, built Fort Tilton opposite the present site of Falls City and Forts Alder and Smalley on the Snoqualmie Prairie.

Following the close of the Indian war the valley of the Snohomish was abandoned by white men until 1859, when the crew engaged in building the military road from Fort Steilacoom to Fort Bellingham passed through. The collapse of the Fraser River gold excitement of the year before left a large number of men on the sound; these turned to road building, and when the road work was brought to a close at the Stillaguamish River in the fall of 1859, a number of these men, struck with the natural advantages of the Snohomish Valley, decided to take up their residence at the point where the road crossed the river. Among these were Alexander Davis, Charles Short, Charles Taylor, John Ross, John Richards, Jacob Foss and George Kelsey.

Rodgers & McCaw, Ferguson & Rabbeson and Colonel Wallace, of Steilacoom, became interested in the projected city of Snohomish and sent E. T. Cady, Hill Barnes and E. H. Tucker as their representatives. Cady took the claim that later became the Sinclair portion of the town; Barnes the western part, and Tucker the land on the south side of the river. Cady owned a little. steam scow which served as a means of communicating with the outside world and the town soon became known as Cadyville. In March, 1860, E. C. Ferguson arrived, the townsite was laid out and given the name of Snohomish City. Ferguson, born in Westchester County, New York, March 3, 1833, came to the Coast in 1854, and after four years spent in San Francisco, came north in 1858 as one of the Fraser River gold seekers. The first election was held in July, 1860, the names of the voters being: Z. F. Wheat, John Cochrane, A. J. Bailey, Andrew Johnson, Jacob Sumners (Summers, I should think), John C. Riley, T. P. Carter, Patrick Doyle, Salem Woods, Hill Barnes, H. McClurg, Benjamin Young, George Allen, William Hawkins, Francis Dolan, Charles

Scott and E. C. Ferguson. Snohomish was a part of Island County, but the next Legislature, desiring to provide a larger number of members, and also for political purposes, in January, 1861, established the County of Snohomish. with the boundaries which it now has. Mukilteo was made the county seat, Jacob Summers was appointed sheriff, with E. C. Ferguson, Henry McClurg and John Harvey, county commissioners; J. D. Fowler, auditor; Charles Short, judge of probate, and John Harvey, treasurer.

Reports of gold discoveries on the Wenatchee and other east-of-the-mountains streams caused considerable excitement in the little settlement in the winter of 1859-60. Pooling their interests the settlers raised more than $1,000 and E. T. Cady and a man named Pearson set out for the new diggings. The men after discovering Cady's Pass were compelled to return and the following fall Cady and Ferguson made another attempt to reach the mines. They crossed. the mountains, descended the Wenatchee and spent some time on the Okanogan.

Salem Woods, in 1862, took a census of the county, which at that time had forty-five white men. Mrs. W. B. Sinclair and Mrs. Isaac Ellis, the first white women to take up residence in the county, arrived from Fort Madison on board the steamer Mary Woodruff in 1864. Sinclair was Snohomish City's second storekeeper, Ferguson having opened the pioneer store shortly after he took up his residence there.

Snohomish City was now growing more rapidly than the rival town of Mukilteo on historic Point Elliott, and in 1861 succeeded in obtaining the county seat. The first school was opened in 1869, the teacher being Miss Robie Willard.

Two years later the town site was platted and the next important happening was the arrival of Eldridge Morse. Morse was born in Wallingford, Conn., April 14, 1847, and in his boyhood he worked on a fruit and vegetable farm. A few days before his eighteenth birthday he joined Company D, Battalion of Engineers Corps, of the regular army. Serving out his enlistment, Morse went to Iowa, where he became a schoolteacher. In April, 1869, he was admitted to practice law and one year later received the Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Michigan. While practicing law at Albia, Ia., Morse on April 26, 1871, married Miss Martha A. Turner and the next year started on the long trip to the Sound, reaching Snohomish in October.

Morse found conditions which applied to every little logging community of that day. All his life he had been a searcher after truth, a deep student of nature. Snohomish, he thought, offered an opportunity for the organization of a society for the study of historical and scientific subjects, and it was not long before others became interested in the project. It resulted in the formation of the Snohomish Athenæum, its object to foster and develop a taste for literature and science. The life membership fee was placed at $25. Between $500 and $600 was subscribed and invested in 300 volumes of standard books, the officers being E. C. Ferguson, president; John Davis, Hugh Ross, Thomas Marks, vice presidents; Eldridge Morse, librarian; Dr. A. C. Folsom, corresponding secretary, and M. W. Packard, treasurer.

Within three years the library had grown to more than 600 volumes, containing the largest and best selection of scientific works to be found in the