Animal Locomotion

action aërial albatross angle animal arrangement artificial wave artificial wing ascends backwards ball-and-socket joint bat and bird biped blades body bones Borelli Compare with fig concave convex depressed described downward dugong effective stroke elastic band elastic ligaments elbow-joint elevating and propelling elytra extended extremities feet fins fish flexed flexion flight flying foot force gannet glide horizontal direction humerus inclined planes increased insect wing joint kite less lever limbs long axis manner Marey motion move movements muscles muscular muscular system natural wing nervures oblique oscillate pectoral pectoral fins pinion porpoise portion position posterior margin posterior or thin primary produced quadruped rapidity remarkable resistance reverse rigid root rotation sail screw secondary feathers shoulder-joint side speed spiral swimming tail thick margin trunk twisting universal joint upward direction upwards and forwards velocity vertical vertical direction vibrate walking waved track weight wing descends