and sleeping facilities. This follows closely on "the tail of the drive," or in cases of extensive drives several of them are placed at intervals of a few miles apart. Here the men congregate for their meals; or in some cases the cooks have a staff of assistants called "cookees," who go up and down the drives, laden with the cooked provisions, and even the portable tea-kettle. If anything is grateful to the tired and wet river-driver it is his cup of tea. It is better than whisky, for it leaves no debilitating effects, and the driver will "swear by" the company which sends him ample supplies of good strong tea and coffee. At night, the men seek their several wammikins for supper, sleep and breakfast; and when the drive finally arrives at its destination, the timber of these portable hotels comes into good use for booms and other purposes. comfortable shanty, with complete cooking tion. Twenty years ago the "muley-saw," so called, had superseded the old style of "sash-saw," and was looked to as the ne plus ultra in rapid execution. The old "sash-saw was so thin that it had to be kept strained within a frame or "sash," to prevent its "buckling" or bending when crowded into the cut, and even then it could only be driven at a very moderate rate. The "muley," which superseded it, was a thick, heavy saw, needing no sash, and could be driven through the log at a tremendous rate, though with corresponding thickness of "kerf" or waste of timber. Then came the circular saw, cutting about an equal kerf but doing vastly more rapid work. And about the same time came the "gang-saw," a congregation of saws hung together in a frame or sash, and set at fixed distances apart corresponding with the thickness of the lumber desired to be cut. These gangs run at slow speed, but as there are enough of them to convert whole logs into lumber as they pass through,-thus obviating the necessity of "gigging back" the log for a new cut, they really do tremendous execution, and now comprise the most approved sawing machinery of the great modern mills. The logs pass in endless procession from out of the water at the log-slide, through the gangs, and thence forward, as lumber, out of the mill to the dock, ready for shipment. Some later improvements, however, in some cases, intervene between leaving the mill and arriving at the dock. The lumber is laden upon a car which runs into a dryinghouse, supplied with the waste steam from the engine, where most of its moisture is taken from it, and it reaches the vessel or railroad in nearly a dry condition. There is an especial advantage in this, where the lumber is forwarded to market by rail, as much more dry than green lumber can be carried on a car at no additional expense. The dried lumber also brings a better price in market. Thus sometime during the month of May-varying according to the character of the streams and the climate of the region -the logs arrive at the booms convenient to the mills. If the drive is made up of logs belonging to various mills or companies, as they generally are, there is a system of "sorting booms," by which the logs, each bearing a distinguishing mark, are distributed to their several ownerships. This is an important business, and is in many instances managed by companies which are organized for the purpose and chartered by the state, and which, having no proprietorship in the logs, divide them with entire impartiality and acceptance to the owners. A noticeable instance of this kind is at the great Beef Slough boom, at the junction of the Chippewa with the Mississippi, in Wisconsin, where hundreds of millions of feet of logs are annually boomed, sorted, rafted and started down the great river under the convoy of steamers. There is the same method of procedure on the Saginaw, the Muskegon, the Manistee and other great lumbering streams of Michigan, on the rivers of Maine and in Canada and elsewhere, where the melting snows of spring are relied upon to bring forward the great winter crop. In Florida, on the Pacific coast, and other warm regions, of course no such work is known. Most of the larger mills run during the twenty-four hours of the day-two gangs of men relieving each other at stated intervals. Twenty years ago, it was called a "smart" mill which would produce 30,000 to 50,000 feet of lumber per day of twenty-four hours; now there are many mills which cut 150,000 and 175,000 feet per day. We may help our unskilled readers in comprehending this amount, when we say that from 200,000 to 250,000 feet is the cargo of an average lum Now commences the summer work of sawing the lumber. The great modern lumber-mills of the northern states are, it is safe to say, the most complete in the world. No machinery, within the last twenty years, has more rapidly advanced toward perfec-ber-vessel on the lakes, and that thus one MEASURING AT THE ROLL-WAY. of these modern mills will nearly load a vessel per day. The greatest lumber-producing states are Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Here grows to perfection the white pine, doubtless the best timber for lumber, all things considered, which the world produces. It is soft, easily worked, does not readily check nor warp, and under fair circumstances is almost imperishable. It and its congeners, the hemlock, tamarack, spruce, etc., have been found intact in the ruins of Pompeii, buried eighteen centuries ago, and, in this country are found imbedded thirty feet under the clay-drift which overwhelmed forests in the unknown ages of the past. The white pine has a long lease of lifeseveral centuries; and in the North-west it is the chief feature of the lumber. With it our figures will deal almost solely, leaving | feet; at Stillwater, 95,314,000 feet; at Withe hard woods and other varieties to fill up nona, 22,850,000 feet-and in the whole unnoticed and uncounted crevices. state, 342,623,171 feet. The great lumber-producing points in Michigan are on the Saginaw River and its tributaries, and at Muskegon, Manistee, Menominee, and at smaller points along the lines of railways, etc. In the Saginaw valley, for instance, there were manufactured, in 1875, 536,836,839 feet; at Muskegon, 351,400,000 feet; at Manistee, 160,825,855 feet; at Menominee, 117,505,702 feet; and at all points in the state, 2,746,866,184 feet, This is the product only of the prominent The At points on the Mississippi River, not included in the above, there were manufactured in the same year a total of 291,487,000 feet-some of the chief points being Clinton, Iowa, 85,218,000; Lyons, Iowa, 77,165,000, and Muscatine, Iowa, 25,000,000. timber for all, or nearly all, of these river mills comes from the upper Mississippi and its tributaries in the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The total manufacture for 1875, then, for lumber-mills, no account being made of the lesser ones scattered through the country, having only a local trade. In Wisconsin, in 1875, the chief lumber points produced, at Eau Claire, 153,089,900 feet; at Oshkosh, 95,300,000 feet; at Oconto, 65,600,000 feet; at Menominee, 69,300,000 feet; at La Crosse, 57,500,000 feet; at Wausau, 42,200,000 feet; at Peshtigo, 36,500,000 feet; and so on-the whole state producing in that year, at its chief lumber points, 1,036,576,900 feet. No account, we may state again, is here made of the lesser mills of the country-of which there are multitudes; and no account, also, of the shingle, stave, wagon-stuff, tub and pail, and other mills for wooden products. In Minnesota, in the same year, there were manufactured, at Minneapolis, 146,494,171 In Georgia, a cut of 17,750,000 feet is reported for 1875. In Florida, 26,300,000 feet-manifestly short of the true figuresis reported. In Alabama, 7,500,000. Thus we have a total reported of lumber products, in the Atlantic states, for the year 1875, as follows: All of the above estimates are for white pine lumber alone, except for the Gulf states, where the product is mainly of yel- | low pine. On the Pacific slope, the chief lumberproducing points are along the coast from San Francisco to Puget Sound, the timber consisting chiefly of pine (so called, though really fir) and red-wood-the fir being the great lumber-producing material, and resembling the so-called pine of the Gulf states. It is found mainly in Oregon and Washington territories, stretching north into Alaska and British Columbia, and the A LOG-JAM. forests are almost inexhaustible. The redwood is almost wholly found in California, chiefly in Humboldt, Mendocino and Del Norte counties, where there are large forests of very heavy timber, and, though not inexhaustible, sufficient for the wants of that region for a long time to come It is used principally for general building work, railroad ties, bridges, etc., and is very durable, though lacking the strength of other timber. One of its peculiarities is that it will shrink endwise instead of sidewise. It is a very |