the near future. I only affirm that the construction of the great governmental systems of the present shows that the trend of the age is away from hereditary government.

The fourth is that it has begun to drift away from unlimited government. It has begun to distinguish between the state and the government, and to give to the individual a constitutional sphere of immunity against the powers of the government. The system of the United States has gone far in this direction. That of Germany has made a beginning. That of France has become conscious of the want of it; while in England the expression "unconstitutional act of Parliament" is a form of speech which is now not infrequently

heard.

The fifth is that the modern world is beginning to manifest some dissatisfaction both with completely centralized government, and with federal government.

The sixth and last is that it is beginning to manifest some dissatisfaction both with strong presidential government and with parliamentary government.

Towards what form the political world is tending is not so easy to discern. The drift away from monarchic, aristocratic, unlimited, hereditary forms would, I think, indicate a tendency, at least, towards republicanism. I do not believe it is utopian to predict that the republican form will live after all other forms have perished. The mysticism and credulity are being surely dispelled which make these forms necessary, useful or possible; and the popular intelligence and virtue are being developed which will make republicanism possible and, at last, necessary everywhere.

Whether it will be centralized or federalized republicanism is a question more difficult to answer; and most difficult of all is the query as to whether presidential or parliamentary government will be the general form of the future.

As I have said, the world manifests some dissatisfaction with both centralized and federalized government, and with

administration. Its executi

and will exercise a

ordinance power active en his constitutional prera cat m measures of administration his cabinet of advisers = house of the legislatura. as that majority changes solution of that body y house of the legislature. party majority by the net. approve the acts of the judgment, trench pen disadvantageous measur

Which of the great form first and win fr example for all the t political civilization is decide; but I do not mine governmental system of the be many stages in advance

the near future. I only affirm that the construction of the great governmental systems of the present shows that the trend of the age is away from hereditary government.

The fourth is that it has begun to drift away from unlimited government. It has begun to distinguish between the state and the government, and to give to the individual a constitutional sphere of immunity against the powers of the government. The system of the United States has gone far in this direction. That of Germany has made a beginning. That of France has become conscious of the want of it; while in England the expression "unconstitutional act of Parlia ment" is a form of speech which is now not infrequently heard.

The fifth is that the modern world is beginning to manifest some dissatisfaction both with completely centralized government, and with federal government.

The sixth and last is that it is beginning to manifest some dissatisfaction both with strong presidential government and with parliamentary government.

Towards what form the political world is tending is not so easy to discern. The drift away from monarchic, aristocratic, unlimited, hereditary forms would, I think, indicate a tendency, at least, towards republicanism. I do not believe it is utopian to predict that the republican form will live after all other forms have perished. The mysticism and credulity are being surely dispelled which make these forms necessary, useful or possible; and the popular intelligence and virtue are being developed which will make republicanism possible and, at last, necessary everywhere.

Whether it will be centralized or federalized republicanism is a question more difficult to answer; and most difficult of all is the query as to whether presidential or parliamentary government will be the general form of the future.

As I have said, the world manifests some dissatisfaction with both centralized and federalized government, and with

both presidential and parliamentary government. In the existing centralized systems the tendency is manifest towards federalization in administration, while in the federalized systems, the tendency is manifest towards centralization in legislation. Again, in the presidential systems, the tendency seems towards some closer connection of the executive and the legislature in procedure, while in the parliamentary systems the tendency is, on the other hand, towards a greater independence of the executive. The form of the future will doubtless be the resultant of all of these tendencies and will satisfy them all.

It is a hazardous venture to prophesy what the form of the future will be. It seems to me, however, that that form will be a republic, with centralized legislation and federalized administration. Its executive will be independent in tenure, and will exercise a veto power, a military power and an ordinance power active enough and strong enough to defend his constitutional prerogatives and initiate and direct the measures of administration. But he will be bound to keep his cabinet of advisers in political accord with the lower house of the legislature. He will be bound to change them as that majority changes; either immediately, or after a dissolution of that body by his order, approved by the upper house of the legislature, and after the return of the same party majority by the electors. He will also be bound to approve the acts of the legislature which do not, in his judgment, trench upon his prerogative or contain unsound or disadvantageous measures of administration.

Which of the great states of the world will arrive at this form first and win for itself the prestige of becoming the example for all the rest, in the development of the world's political civilization is a question which the future must decide; but I do not think it chauvinistic to say that the governmental system of the United States seems to me to many stages in advance of all the rest in this line of

be

progress. In spite of all the difficulties and the discouragements which surround us in our, in many respects, crude and undeveloped society, it seems to me evident that the destiny of history is clearly pointing to the United States as the great world organ for the modern solution of the problem of government as well as of liberty.