B Henry V. resumes the war mainly to gratify the wounded pride of the English.

1. The Conquest of Normandy.

a Henry captures Harfleur; marches through the north of France.

b Finds a large French army at Agincourt, on the other side of the Somme, drawn up deep, waiting for his attack. The English archers goad the French into attack, and the unwieldy masses soon get into confusion: the battle decided by a charge of the English men-at-arms. Capture of the Duke of Orleans. October 25, 1415.

c Henry returns to England; struggle for mastery of Channel; Henry lands again in Normandy, takes Caen, besieges Rouen for six months, takes it in spite of brave resistance of Alan Blanchard, whom he puts to death. 1417, 1418.

2. The Conquest of France. 1419-1422.

a Assassination of the Duke of Burgundy makes the Burgundians Henry's friends. 1419.

b Treaty of Troyes. May 1420. Henry, Regent of France during Charles's life, and to succeed him as King; marries Charles's daughter, Catherine.

c Henry continues the conquest of France; reduces Dreux and Meaux; dies regretting that he has not lived to achieve the conquest of Jerusalem. 1422. (Such a crusade might have saved Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks).

Henry VI. 1422-1470.

A Condition of England. Pp. 265-268.

1. Politically.

a Parliament becomes a mere representation of the
baronage and great landowners.

I The borough franchise limited by the action of
burgesses obtaining charters of incorporation
(for the protection of the civic property from
strangers) and thus becoming close bodies.
2 -The county franchise rapidly widening owing to
subdivision of estates, curtailed by the large
landowners by the restriction of the suffrage to
freeholders holding land worth 40 shillings (201)
a year, and by management of elections.

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The foreign policy of the baronage dictated by love of gold. If God had been a captain nowadays, he would have turned marauder."

2. Socially.

a The Church a mere section of the landed aristocracy. b The lawlessness of the baronage: as at the Club Parliament. 1426.

c Immorality even of cultivated men, as Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (founder of the University Library at Oxford), and the Earl of Worcester, the Butcher" (Caxton's patron).

66

d Decay of English literature. Nothing but mystery plays and riming chronicles.

e Prevalent belief in astrology; penance and imprisonment for life of (Eleanor Cobham) the Duchess of Gloucester, burning of Joan of Arc, and later, penance of Jane Shore.

B Joan of Arc. Pp. 268-273.

1. The Duke of Bedford (brother of Henry V.) by making an alliance with the Duke of Britanny, and marrying the sister of the Duke of Burgundy, completes the conquest of northern France.

a English victory at Verneuil. 1424. A third of the French knighthood left on the field.

b The Duke of Burgundy deserts the English through jealousy of the Duke of Gloucester's marriage with the divorced Duchess of Brabant. 1424.

c Bedford on the defensive, partly owing to the desertion of Burgundy, partly to the struggle in England between Gloucester (returned from Brabant) and Cardinal Beaufort. (See table, p. 69).

d Bedford pushes on to the conquest of the south. 1427. e Siege of Orleans by 3,000 English. 1428, 1429. The battle of the Herrings. Feb. 1429.

2. The Maid.

a Her message to the Dauphin: "You shall be anointed
and crowned in the town of Rheims, and you shall
be lieutenant of the heavenly King, who is the
King of France;" and to Bedford: "Work no
more distraction in France, but come with me and
rescue the Holy Sepulchre from the Turk."

The Maid enters Orleans, and leads the attack on the
English forts. May 7, 1429.

c Coronation of the Dauphin (Charles VII.) as King of
France at Rheims. July 18, 1429.

d The Maid continues in the war against her own will; is captured at Compiègne by the Burgundians (May 26, 1340), and sold to the English.

e Trial of the Maid. "God has ever been my Lord; the Devil has never had power over me." Resumes her male dress to protect her from insult-and

for this act is doomed to death. Burned at Rouen. "We are lost, we have burned a saint." June 14, 1431.

C Loss of France.

1431-1451. Pp. 273-275.

a Attempt to secure Normandy, at least, for England, made by Bedford, in France, and Cardinal Beaufort, at home, partly by loans of money, partly by preventing reconciliation between Burgundy and France. 1432-1434.

b Death of Bedford; Duke of Burgundy leaves English alliance. 1434. Paris surrenders to French. 1436.

c Successful struggles of the Duke of York, Regent of France. 1436-1438. Recalled through Lancastrian jealousy. 1438. Returns to France. 1440. Assisted in his struggle by Lord Talbot. Superseded by Edmund Beaufort. 1444.

d Truce with France. 1444. Marriage of Henry VI. to Margaret of Anjou urged on by the Beauforts, partly to secure peace with France, partly to hinder the possibility of York's succession to the throne, and promised surrender of Anjou and Maine. 1445. Murder of the Duke of Gloucester, the great opponent of peace. 1447.

e French conquest of Normandy imputed to the incapacity of Edward Beaufort (Duke of Somerset). 1449. f French conquest of Guienne. Capture of Bayonne. Final expulsion of the English from all France, excepting Calais, and end of the Hundred Years' War, which built up France into a great nation. 1451. D Discontent in England at the Issue of the War. Pp. 275, 276.

1. William de la Pole, the Duke of Suffolk, impeached for the cession of Anjou, and murdered. 1450.

2. Insurrection in Kent, the great manufacturing district of the day, and hostile to France, owing to the piracy in the Channel, under John Cade-"a young man of goodly stature and pregnant wit"-spreading to Sussex and Surrey; the popular feeling towards the Duke of York shown by Cade's assumed name-Mortimer.

a The "Complaint of the Commons of Kent" touches
no longer on social or religious, but on political
questions. They demand a change of ministry,
economy, freedom of election.

The Complaint refused by the Council. Cade occupies
London, July 1. Is beaten out by the Londoners,
July 5.

c The Complaint received by the Council. Pardons
granted to all concerned in the revolt. Cade
pursued and slain. 1450.

Edmund.

Anne Richard of Cambridge (beheaded for a rising to assert

his son's claim, 1415).