Crowland, Peterborough. Mercia becomes tributary to the Danes. 870.

c Danish invasion of Wessex; defeat of the Danes at Ashdown and Wareham. 876.

d Fresh invasion of Wessex. Alfred escapes to the isle of Athelney in the marshes of the Parret. Victory of Ælfred at Ethandun (Edington, near Trowbridge); baptism of the Danish Guthorm, king of East Anglia, and peace of Wedmore; Northumbria, East Anglia, the Danelagh and all east of Watling Street fall to the Danes. 879.

e The rapidity of the Danish conquest due to the weakness of the English national bond.

4. Elfred the Great. 871-901. Pp. 45-49.

a Simple and practical, he makes the best of what is closest at hand, as in his revision of Ine's and Offa's laws.

The good of his people the object of his reign.

I "Every well-born youth to abide at his book till he can well understand English writing."

2 Introduction of foreign scholars, especially from the land of the West-Franks.

3 Translations and editions of the popular manuals of the day, e.g. the Consolation of Bothius, and the History of Bada.

4 Encouragement of exploration and voyages, to the White Sea, to India, to Jerusalem.

5 Beginning of the English Chronicle; the earliest monument of Teutonic prose.

c The foundation of the English navy. "He timbered long ships, swifter and steadier and eke higher than the others; some had sixty oars, some mo." 897.

5. Danish attack upon English Mercia. Pp. 49, 50.

a Danish invaders defeated by Ealdorman Æthelred at Buttington in Montgomeryshire, and prevented from uniting with North Welsh. 894.

¿ The Danes abandon their attack and make peace.

897.

6. Wessex and the Danelagh (i.e. the district occupied by the Danes). 918-942. Pp. 50, 51.

a Attack on the five Danish boroughs: Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford, Nottingham, by Ethelflæd, daughter of Ælfred, and widow of Ethelred, "the lady of the Mercians." 913-918.

b Conquest of Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and all the country between the Nen and the Ouse, by Eadward the Elder. 921.

The Northumbrians and Scots and British of Strathclyde "choose Eadward to father and lord." 924. Eadward King of the English and Emperor of Britain. Emperor because England owes no allegiance either to Eastern or Western Empire.

d Rebellion of North Welsh, Northumbrians, and Scots against Æthelstan through fear of Wessex. West Welsh driven out of Exeter, 926. North Wales made tributary, 926; Scots and Danes defeated at Brunanburh (in Northumberland), 937.

e Revolt of the Danes against Eadmund I. Watling Street once more the boundary of the two nations. 942.

7. Dunstan, the completer of the West-Saxon realm. 54.

Pp. 51

a Appointed Abbot of Glastonbury by Eadmund. 943.
b Detaches the King of Scots from the side of the Danes
by the grant of Cumberland as a fief. 945.

c Banished by Eadwig, 957; recalled on Eadwig's death
by his brother Eadgar, 958.

d Divides Northumberland into three earldoms: Lothian, Northumberland (i.e. all north of the Tees), and Lothian granted to the King of Scots.

Deira. 966.

e Pursues a national not a West-Saxon policy. Common weights and measures, Danish customs preserved in the North: so the reproach, "He gave too much power to the Dane, and too much love to strangers."

ƒ Encourages the regular clergy as against the secular, in order to bring in higher education and better modes of life. The abbeys were schools as well as monasteries.

8. The constitution of the later English kingdom. Pp. 54— 56.

a The King, more sacred than formerly, “the Lord's anointed," and less seen by the people, therefore more mysterious.

b The old nobility of blood superseded by a new nobility of courtiers, the King's thegns, ¿.e. servants, who perform personal service and receive estates out of the common folk-land.

c Decline of the English Freeman.

I No man can exist without a lord: and so the free
ceorl becomes a villein.
of protection during the

wars.

Due mainly to need stress of the Danish

2 The Freemen prevented by distance from attending at the Witan: the National Council gradually

limited to great officers of Church and State and King's thegns.

d Decline of Slavery owing to the efforts of the Church. Slave trade forbidden by law, but not put down till the reign of William the Conqueror.

9. Fall of the West-Saxon Kingdom. Pp. 57, 58. a Third stage of the Danish Conquest.

Ethelred the

Unready (ie. the deaf to counsel), buys a peace from Olaf Tryggvesson, King of Norway. 991. The first payment of Danegeld.

Danish attack on Kent and Wessex, the heart of the
West-Saxon Realm, under Swegen Forkbeard.
997-1002.

The Massacre of the Danes in Wessex on S. Brice's
Day. 1002.

d Harrying of Wessex by Swegen. 1003-1007.

e Final attack of Swegen assisted by Mercia and Northumbria on Wessex. Capture of London and flight of Ethelred to Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy. 1013-1014.

F The Danish Rule. 1014-1042. Pp. 59-63.

1. Effects in England of the rule of Foreign Kings (Danes, Normans, or Angevins), which lasts till the loss of Normandy under John. 1204.

a Provincial differences crushed into national unity.

b A middle class formed by the degradation of the English lords, and the rise of traders in the

towns.

c The priests being foreigners, religion passes from the
hands of the priests to those of the people.

d England brought into the stream of European life.
e Internal peace made more secure and lasting.

2. Struggle of Eadmund Ironside against the Danes. Victory of Cnut (son of Swegen) at Assandun (Ashington) in Essex (the last of six battles) and division of England: Eadmund Lord over Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and London; Cnut Lord over Northumbria and Mercia. Death of Eadmund. Election and Coronation of Cnut as King. 1016.

I Attempt to make England the head of a great Scandinavian empire.

2 Lothian granted as a fief to the King of Scots; hence Edinburgh becomes the capital of Scotland, and the Scots a mixed people.

¿ Home policy.

I Equal treatment of Dane and Englishman.

2 Division of England into four earldoms, Mercia,

Northumberland, Essex, Wessex, recognising provincial independence, while binding the nobles closer to the Crown.

3 Support given to the Church notwithstanding its constant opposition to the Danes.

"I have vowed to God to lead a right life in

all things, to rule justly and piously my realms and subjects and to administer just judgment to

all."

4 The establishment of internal peace.

4. Fall of the Danish rule.

1035-1042.

a Harold tears out the eyes of Alfred, brother of Eadmund Ironside, when he attacked England

from Normandy. "Never a bloodier deed done since the Danes came."

b Death of Harthacnut; "he died as he stood at his drink in the house of Osgod Clapa at Lambeth.” 1042.

The Danes fall, from the indignation of the English at their brutality and barbarism.

G The English Restoration. 1042-1066. Pp. 63–77. 1. Edward the Confessor. Pp. 63-66.

The work of Government done first by Earl Godwine, then by Earl Harold.

a Earl Godwine. 1042-1052.

I Earl Godwine, the first English statesman who
is neither king nor priest.

2 Godwine attempts to carry out Cnut's policy of a
united England in connection with the North.
Finding this impossible, he supports Eadward.
3 The fall of Godwine, due mainly to his excessive
greed for his own family. 1051.

4 Godwine quickly recalled as the only barrier
between England and the foreign rule of the
Confessor's favourites (shown even in the quarrel
at Dover, for which he is banished).

b Earl Haroid. 1053-1065.

I Under Harold, England materially prosperous. Famous especially for gold work and broidery.

em

2 Nobler elements of national life-literature, history, religious art-still rudimentary.

3 The tendency of his rule-inaction and repose. 2. Normandy and the Normans. 912-1066. Pp. 63-74. a Rolf the Ganger obtains the land on either side the Seine from Charles the Simple by the Treaty of Clair-sur-Epte, 912. Baptism and vassalage of Rolf. William Longsword, his son, a pagan and Dane in

heart, calls in a fresh Danish colony to the Cotentin. 927-943.

c Under Richard the Fearless, son of Longsword, the heathen pirates become feudal Christians. French spoken instead of Norse, and Norman nobles supersede the Norse freemen; cf. in England. E. 8. (c). 945-996.

d First political connection between England and Normandy through the marriage of Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless,

I to Ethelred II.

2 to Cnut.

e The Norman crusades, leading to Norman conquests in Sicily and Calabria. 1054-1090. Due mainly to the old Norse restlessness, as in the invasion of England, projected by Robert the Magnificent.

f William the Conqueror. 1027.

I Victory over the rebellious Norman barons at Valès-Dunes, near Caen. 1047.

2 Victory over Geoffry Martel, Count of Anjou, and the French army at Mortemer (1054) and Lisieux (1058). Acquisition of Maine (1060).

3 Protection of the traders against the Norman barons, "William could never love a robber." Revolt of the barons, William's victory at Varaville.

4 Reform of the Church by means of Lanfranc.

3. William of Normandy and the English.

a William receives a promise of succession from Eadward the Confessor.-Valueless unless confirmed by the Witan. 1052.

b Harold's visit to Normandy and oath to William. 1064. (Possibly he swears to marry William's daughter, and does homage to William as his future father-in-law.)

c William, notwithstanding Harold's election, claims the right of presenting himself for election. 1066.

d Victory of Harold at Stamford Bridge, near York, over his brother, Tostig, and Harold Hardrada of Norway. Sept. 25, 1066.

e Harold marches to London and collects the land-fyrd (general levy of fighting men) of the South and East of England. Oct. 1-12.

f Harold entrenches himself on the hill of Senlac to cover London and stop the Norman ravages. Oct. 13.

g Battle of Senlac. Oct. 14, 1066.

I The shield-wall of the English resists the Norman