(d) Promotion of Impey to secure his acquiescence.

c The Prosecution of Hastings marks the end of illegal rule in British India. 1786.

5. Character and Work of William Pitt. (See Macaulay's Essay in his volume of Writings and Speeches.)

a Pitt's Character. P. 767.

to

Simplicity, reforming energy, wide humanity; suppose any nation can be unalterably the enemy of another is weak and childish."

b Pitt's Finance Policy. Pp. 768, 769, and 771.

I Industrial progress of the nation.

(a) Invention of the spinning-machine by Ark-
wright, 1768; of the spinning-jenny by
Hargreaves, 1764; of the mule by Crompton,
1776. Consequent growth of Lancashire.
(6) Improvement of communication by highways
and canals.

(c) Watt's application of steam to machinery.
1765.

(d) Extension and improvement of agriculture. 2 Modern political economy founded by Adam Smith in the "Wealth of Nations." 1776.

(a) Labour the one source of wealth. All attempts to force labour into artificial channels hurtful to wealth.

(b) The "Wealth of Nations" the groundwork of Pitt's policy.

3 Pitt's Financial Measures.

(a) Reduction of custom-duties to check smuggling
Revival of excise as a means of taxation.
(6) Attempt to establish free-trade between Eng-
land and Ireland "to draw what remained
of the shattered empire together." 1785.
Defeated by Grattan and the Irish Episco-
palian Protestant landowners combining with
the Whigs.

(c) Treaty of commerce with France, establishing
freedom of residence (without passports) and
of trade between the two countries. 1787.

c Pitt's Reform Policy. Pp. 770 and 791.

I Attempt to reform the House of Commons by transferring the members of decayed boroughs to the counties; defeated by the Whigs; Pitt "terribly disappointed and beat." 1785.

2 The reform of the House of Lords by liberal

creation of Peers, making the House the stronghold not of blood but of property.

d Pitt's Irish Policy. Pp. 787–791.

I History of Ireland since the capitulation of Limerick.
1691.

(a) Political power confined to the Episcopalian
Protestants, a twelfth of the population.
(6) The Episcopalian aristocracy impatient of the
control of the English Parliament. Demand
for Independence made by Grattan and Flood
and backed by the Protestant Volunteers,
1779; granted by Lord Rockingham, 1782.
(c) Ireland from 1782 to 1800: "a corrupt aris-
tocracy, a ferocious commonalty, a distracted
government, a divided people."

2 Pitt's Early Policy.

3

(a) Free trade between England and Ireland; rejected by Grattan and the Protestant landowners. 1785.

(6) Bill for Catholic Emancipation urged on the Irish Parliament. 1792.

Disturbances in Ireland.

(a) Formation of the United Irishmen (among the Protestants of Ulster) to set up an independent republic; of the “Defenders" and Peep-o'-day Boys" (among the Catholic peasantry); of the Orange Societies (among the landowners).

(b) Outrages by the Protestants, 1796, 1797; supported by the Irish Parliament.

(c) Roman Catholic revolt and atrocities in retaliation; the revolt crushed at Vinegar Hill. June 21, 1798.

(d)" The bigoted fury of the Irish Protestants." Pitt resolves to put an end to the tragedy of Independence.

4 The Union.

(a) One hundred Irish members to sit in the United House of Commons, twenty-eight temporal and four spiritual peers in the United House of Lords.

(b) Commerce freed from all restrictions, and taxation distributed. January 1, 1801.

5 Religious Emancipation.

(a) Pitt proposes

(1) To remove all religious tests limiting civil rights (emancipating the Presbyterians as well as the Catholics).

(2) To give a Government grant to the Presbyterians and the Catholics.

(3) To introduce commutation of tithes. (b) The scheme defeated by the opposition of the King. "I count any man my personal enemy who proposes any such measure." Resignation of Pitt. 1801.

e Pitt's Foreign Policy. Pp. 772-782.

1 The state of Europe.

(a) Government tending to a pure despotism.
(6) Wide diffusion of intelligence; hence the
enlightened rulers and statesmen of the
eighteenth century (Frederick the Great,
Joseph II. of Austria, Turgot).

2 The state of France. Pp. 773, 774

(a) Power centralized in the Crown: the nobles in
possession of social privileges without poli-
tical responsibility.

(6) Intelligence of the middle class; activity of
the literary class in popularizing English
ideas (Montesquieu, Voltaire) and spreading
conceptions of humanity (Rousseau). Hence
the eagerness of the French to assist the
Colonies in the War of Independence.
(c) Increasing financial embarrassments.

Summoning of the States-General and destruction of the Bastille. 1789. "How much is this the greatest event that ever happened in the world, and how much the best."

3 Pitt and the Revolution. Pp. 774-782.
(a) Conversion of the States-General into a
National Assembly; abolition of the privi-
leges of the nobles and the Church; a new
constitution forced on Lewis XVI.

1790.

(6) Alarm of the more Conservative Englishmen fomented by Burke.

(c) Burke's political influence and attitude to the Revolution.

(1) The first orator who deals with the philosophy of politics. Reform necessary, but only as the natural outcome of natural development; hence his antagonism to the Revolution.

(2) Failing to move Parliament, he appeals to the national love of order by the "Reflections on the French Revolution." October, 1790.

(3) Encourages the emigrant French Princes at Coblentz. "Be alarmists! diffuse terror."

(d) Pitt's desire to remain on friendly terms with the French and to leave them free to reform themselves.

(1) The French nation refuses to assist Spain in expelling the English from Nookta Sound (in California). Pitt acknowledges their friendliness. 1790.

(2) Pitt's project for an alliance of France and England for the defence of Turkey and Poland from Russia and Prussia. 1789, 1790.

(3) The Conference of Pillnitz. August, 1790. Owing to the neutrality of England, the Emperor and King of Prussia refuse actual military aid to the emigrant Princes, only issuing a vague invitation to the European Powers.

(4) The French nation, irritated by the invitation of Pillnitz, declares war on the Emperor. April, 1792. Pitt meanwhile reduces the English military forces, and hinders Holland from joining against France.

(5) Progress of matters in France.

(a) The Tenth of August; suspension and
imprisonment of Lewis XVI. 1792.
(6) End of the Revolution, and re-estab-
lishment of despotism-of the Mob
and Commune of Paris-of the
Directory- of Buonaparte.

(c) The September massacres.

(d) The French Convention attacks Holland. "All governments are

our

enemies, all peoples are our allies."

1792.

(e) Execution of Lewis XVI. January,

1793.

(6) Pitt, pledges himself to abstain from war against France, if France will respect the independence of other nations. December, 1792. France declares war against England. February, 1793.

H The War with France. 1793-1802. Pp. 783-797.
1. France and the Coalition. 1793-1797. Pp. 783-785.

a Pitt's power ceases as soon as the war begins.
I Pitt driven by the weakness of the English army
to be Paymaster of the Coalition, and by the
increase of public burdens to undo his own
work.

2 Pitt, at first opposed to the war, shares for a time
in the popular panic. The suspension of the
Habeas Corpus Act. The Scottish martyrs (now
commemorated by an obelisk in the Calton
burying-ground, Edinburgh). 1794. Cessation
of the panic seen in the acquittal of Horne
Tooke. 1794.

Victories of the French owing to the greed of Austria and Prussia in attacking Poland, and the union of the French nation produced by the fall of Robespierre. June 28, 1794.

I Suppression of the revolts in Brittany and the south. The English driven from Toulon by Napoleon Buonaparte. 1794.

2 Victory of the French at Fleurus. June 26, 1794. The French masters of Flanders.

3 Spain and Sardinia compelled to sue for peace. The French enter Amsterdam. March, 1795. Submission of Holland.

4 The French in Italy under Buonaparte. Submission of Austria, and treaty of Campo Formio, the Austrian Netherlands and the Milanese ceded to France. French annexation of Piedmont and Savoy. 1797.

2. The English Naval Victories. England at last alone in the 1797-1799. Pp. 785, 786.

war.

a Victory of Lord Howe over the French fleet off Brest. June 1, 1794—“ The First of June."

b Victory of Admiral Jervis over the Spanish fleet (forced to join the French) off Cape S. Vincent, February 14, 1797. "Westminster Abbey or victory."

c Victory of Admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet (forced to join the French) off Camperdown. October 11, 1797.

d Destruction of the French fleet in Aboukir Bay by Admiral Nelson. August 1, 1798. The Battle of

the Nile.

3. The Second Coalition. 1799, 1800. Pp. 787 and 794. a Buonaparte checked before Acre by Sir Sydney Smith; failure of his Syrian campaign. 1799.

3 The French driven out of Italy by the Russians under