between the moderate Tories and the Whig Junto. 1.705.

f Continued opposition of the allies to Marlborough's plans. "Had I had the same power I had last year, I could have won a greater victory than that of Blenheim." Victories of Lord Peterborough (Mordaunt) in Spain, and recognition of the Archduke, younger son of the Emperor, as Charles III. of Spain. 1705.

g Battle of Ramillies, near Tirlemont, between Villeroy and Marlborough. Marlborough wins the battle by a charge on the French right; total rout of the French in an hour and a half. May 12, 1706. The French driven completely out of Flanders. 1706.

B The Union of England and Scotland. Pp. 696–698. 1. Projects for Union checked by religious and commercial jealousies England claiming a monopoly of colonial trade. Scotland refusing to pay any part of English debt.

2. Princess Sophia excluded from the Scotch Act of Security. 1703. Alarm of English statesmen for a return of the Pretender.

3. Act of Union passed owing to the exertions of Lord Somers. 1707.

a Scotch Law and Church left untouched.

Trade thrown open, and a universal coinage adopted. The Scots to send forty-five representatives to the United House of Commons, England sending five hundred and thirteen, and sixteen peers to the United House of Lords, the English peers being one hundred and eight.

4. Success of the Union; an acknowledgment and enforcement of a national fact.

C Marlborough, the Whigs, and the War. Pp. 698-700. 1. Marlborough's the last attempt to govern England except by party government.

2. Marlborough driven more and more to the Whigs; dismissal of Harley and St. John to make room for Somers and Wharton. Dissatisfaction of the Queen. Quarrel between Mrs. Freeman and Mrs. Morley. 1709.

3. Marlborough defeats Vendome at Oudenarde, near Antwerp, and Lille. July 11, 1708. Lewis proposes terms of peace; rejected, not by Marlborough, but by the Whigs, who demand that Lewis should compel his grandson to give up Spain. "If I must wage war, I had rather wage it on my enemies than on my children."

4. The defeat of the French at Malplaquet, near Mons; but

they retreat in such dense masses that Marlborough can not break them. "A deluge of blood." September 11,

1709.

5. Growing Tory dissatisfaction, expressed by St. John, Prior, and Swift. "Six millions of supplies and almost fifty millions of debt! The High Allies have been the ruin of us."

6. Prosecution by the Whigs of Dr. Sacheverell for a sermon on non-resistance. Practically acquitted, to the joy of the nation. "The Church and Dr. Sacheverell. March, 1710.

D The Fall of Marlborough. P. 700.

1. Marlborough's wife supplanted in the Queen's favour by Mrs. Masham. 1711.

2. Return of the Tory Ministers, and finally a return of a Tory House of Commons. 1711.

3. Marlborough dismissed, accused of peculation and found guilty; retires from England till after the Queen's death. November, 1712.

E The Rise of Walpole. Pp. 701, 702. (See Macaulay's Essay on Horace Walpole.)

1. Walpole the first of the great Commoners.

2. Walpole "the first who gave our Government its character of lenity."

3. Even at his first appearance remarkable as a debater, financier, and administrator, " he does everything with the same ease and tranquillity as if he were doing nothing."

F The Peace of Utrecht. P. 702.

Spain given to Philip, grandson of Lewis.

Spanish possessions in Italy and Netherlands given to the
Arch-duke, now Emperor.

Sicily to the Duke of Savoy.

Minorca and Gibraltar given to England. Anne and the
Protestant Succession recognised, Dunkirk dismantled.
Prussia acknowledged as a kingdom. March-July.

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G The Death of the Queen. P. 703.

1. Bolingbroke proposes free trade between France and England; defeated by the Whigs.

2. Illness of the Queen. Oxford (Harley) and Bolingbroke (St. John) open intrigues with the Stuarts.

3. Sudden death of the Queen. July 30, 1714. George Lewis of Hanover proclaimed as George I. without opposition, the Jacobites being unprepared. 1714.

A England and the House of Hanover. Pp. 704-706. 1. George I. "honest and straightforward, but with the temper of a gentleman usher, and the one care of making money for himself and his favourites."

George II. "honest and brave, but with the temper of a drill sergeant; repeating the lessons his wife and Minister taught him."

2. England ruled by Ministers, and by Ministers of one party -the Tory party is dead and gone. The Whigs the sole representatives of toleration, freedom, and commerce. Liberty, Property, and No Pretender."

3. Causes of the length of the Whig predominance in England. a Their excellent organisation under the great families -Bentinck, Campbell, Cavendish, Russell, Gren

ville.

b Their attention to trade and finance.

Their loyalty to their principles-toleration, liberty of the press, free justice, parliamentary rule.

d Their conservative policy.

1 Their foreign policy a peace policy.

2 Their ecclesiastical policy inoffensive.

3 Their encouragement of material rather than of political progress.

B The Townshend-Walpole Ministry and the Jacobite Revolt. 1714, 1715.

1. Impeachment of Oxford, and flight of Bolingbroke.

2. Revolt of the Highlands under Earl Mar against the House of Argyle. Indecisive action of Sheriff-Muir, near Stirling. Arrival of the Pretender. 1715. Flight of the Pretender and dispersion of the clans. 1716.

3. Revolt in England under Earl Derwentwater and Mr. Foster; surrender of the revolters at Preston. November, 1715.

4. No rigorous measures taken to reduce the Highland clans.

C The Stanhope Ministry. 1716-1721.

1. Stanhope's Parliamentary Policy.

a Duration of Parliament extended to seven years by the Septennial Act.

b Introduction of a Bill to limit the number of the Upper House, defeated by Walpole.

2. Stanhope's Foreign Policy.

a Attempt of Cardinal Alberoni to recover the Spanish possessions in Italy; joined by Charles XII. of Sweden and the Jacobites.

b A Triple Alliance, England, France, and Holland. against Spain, guaranteeing the Hanoverian succession in England and the Orleans succession in France, should Lewis XV. die without an heir. 1717.

c The Triple Alliance joined by the Emperor. 1718. Defeat and dismissal of Alberoni, death of Charles XII. Sicily and Sardinia ceded by Spain. Reversion of Tuscany and Parma secured for the Infante.

3. Stanhope's Domestic Policy.

The South Sea Bubble.

a Originally a scheme for reducing the national debt, in exchange for the monopoly of the Spanish trade, defeated by the jealousy of Spain. 1711.

Developes into a scheme to buy up the unredeemable annuities granted during the last two reigns, in exchange for further privileges. Encouraged by the Government in spite of the opposition of Walpole. Bursting of the Bubble; grief and death of Stanhope. 1720 and 1721.

D The Walpole Administration. 1721-1742. Pp. 708-712., 1. His rule almost without a History. and legislative activity.

Cessation of political

2. Walpole the first and greatest of our peace Ministers. The state of Europe.

a The Emperor Charles VI., having no son, issues a Pragmatic Sanction, as yet unguaranteed, bequeathing his hereditary possessions in Austria, Hungary, Sicily, and Bohemia to his daughter, Maria Theresa. 1720.

b Spain, anxious to recover Minorca and Gibraltar, offers to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction in exchange for Tuscany and Parma, to be given to the King's second son, Don Carlos.

c Secret treaty between Catherine I. of Russia, Spain, and the Emperor; Russia meditates an attack on Denmark.

d Defensive treaty between England, France, and Prussia; Sweden detached from Russia by a subsidy; Denmark protected by an English fleet sent to the Baltic..

e Withdrawal of Prussia from the defensive treaty ; Spanish siege of Gibraltar; war threatened by the Emperor. 1727. Firm attitude of England, France, and Holland; death of Catherine of Russia, and treaty of Seville. 1729.

f Treaty of Vienna with the Emperor; Tuscany and Parma secured to Don Carlos. Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed. 1731.

3. Walpole the first of our Finance Ministers.

a Diminution of taxation, owing to the progress of manufactures, increase of commerce, and improvement of agriculture. Rise of Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool. Introduction of winter roots, artificial grasses, rotation of crops.

b Direct exportation of rice to any part of Europe allowed to Georgia and Carolina. 1730.

c The Excise Bill (an attempt to supersede the land-tax by indirect taxation).

I First introduced by Pym in the Long Parliament. 2 Walpole's Bill aims at introducing

(a) Establishment of bonded warehouse.

(b) The collection of duties as Excise, not as Customs. Excise paid by the dealers; Customs by the importer.

Withdrawn in consequence of the opposition. 1733. "I will not be the Minister to enforce taxes at the price of blood."

4. Walpole and the Parliament.

a The first Minister to systematise bribery; his policy to be ascribed to the power of the House of Commons, combined with its freedom from responsibility to the nation, and his own failure to create enthusiasm. b Growing opposition to Walpole, increased by his jealous usurpation of power. "Rise of the "Patriots" (i.e. discontented Whigs) under Pulteney and Chesterfield.

George E. 1727-1760.

A Continuation of the Walpole Administration. Pp. 712-715.

1. Queen Caroline and Walpole.

a Walpole supported by the Queen, and therefore, though unwillingly, by the King.

b Walpole refuses to join in the war about the election to the throne of Poland, which on the death of