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A new Novel by the author of 'MERCY PHILBRICK'S CHOICE.' A new Novel by the author of "KISMET." JAN OF THE WINDMILL. A STORY OF THE PLAINS. By Mrs. EWING. Town and The "Town and Country Series" is a collection of enter EDUCATION, CON- taining, thoughtful, serious works, selected from the choicest SIDERED ECONOMICALLY. By Prof. WALTER SMITH. Evo. Paper. 20 cents. WHAT IS ART; home and foreign contemporary literature; books acceptable BEN MILNER'S WOOING, a Novel. By HOLME FROM TRADITIONAL TO RATIONAL PÆDIA. One volume 8vo, about 600 pages, with a full Or, Art Theories and Methods concisely stated. A WINTER STORY, a Novel. By the author of THE LITERARY WORLD. VOL. VIII. BOSTON, JUNE 1, 1877. CONTENTS. REVIEWS. CAMERON'S ACROSS AFRICA. BAGEHOT'S ENGLISH CON- No. 1. WALTER CRANE'S PICTURE early in 1873, though it was on the 30th of of labor, alone depends the commercial deNovember, 1872, that he left England. He velopment of the interior. Sugar-cane, cotwent by way of Zanzibar. His immediate ton, coffee, tobacco, spices, rice, wheat, indiaobject was to aid in the search for Dr. Liv- rubber, are a few of the products of the soil; ingstone; his ultimate hope to cross the and iron, coal, copper, and even gold and Continent to the west coast, a feat which at silver, are found among its hidden treasures. that time had only been accomplished by Missionary efforts Comr. Cameron does not Arab traders. At Unyanyembe, on the 20th think will alone avail to stop the accursed of October, 1873, tidings reached him from interior slave-trade, or to open the country Ukhonongo of Dr. Livingstone's death; and to civilization; they must be supplemented SQUIER'S PERU. Illustrated. SMILES'S LIFE OF THOMAS he had the sad satisfaction, a few days later, by commerce. Commercial enterprise and SPENCER'S SOCIOLOGY. MR. FROTHINGHAM'S Two VOLUMES. EDWARD. CAMERON'S ACROSS AFRICA.* 'HE perusal of this large and handsome THE to every of receiving the body of that intrepid explorer missionary effort should work hand in hand. A strong argument is presented for the construction of a light railway from the Zanzibar coast into the interior; which need not cost more than a thousand pounds a mile, and which would yield quick and ample returns. Steamers should be placed on the Zambési, Kongo and Kwanza Rivers, and depots established at convenient points on a trunk route across the Continent. In short, Comr. Cameron furnishes full specifications for the opening of the country, and his recommendations seem reasonable. We must take his word for it that they are practicable. The whole volume is directed by a utilitarian purpose, and its immense stores of information are effectively displayed. There are numerous illustrations. BAGEHOT'S ENGLISH CONSTITUTION.* HIS is a most instructive as well as a THIS volume is greatly facilitated, and the The narrative of the expedition is one of comprehension of its narrative rendered sen- absorbing interest for all lovers of the literasibly easier and more vivid, by the admirable ture of travels. Such a tramp across Africa map which accompanies it. This map is not might be expected to abound in strange bound inconveniently into the book itself, so sights, thrilling adventures, hardships and that it can be examined only at risk of being emergencies, unpleasant predicaments and torn; but is neatly folded away into a snug hairbreadth escapes; and to these the author pocket of its own on the inside of the cover, does full justice, without, however, at all negand thus can be used independently of the lecting the weightier matters of scientific volume. The striking merits and value of observation and practical reflection. The most readable volume, and is to be comthe map will commend themselves at sight pains and perils which he encountered were mended not only to those who make political student of African exploration. Its incredible in number and degree. The vi- institutions a special study, but to the general subject is the broad belt from 20 to 14o south ciousness and treachery of the natives, hun- public. For full profit one needs to come to of the equator, running entirely across the ger and thirst, fever and blindness, excessive it with a decent knowledge of the main feacontinent, through which the course of the heats, are only a few items upon the list. It tures of the British Monarchy and Parliaauthor's expedition lay. Its details are com- seems a miracle that he outlived the accumu- ment. The writer, who, we may remark, died piled from his own documents, and are, lation of sicknesses and struggles through in April last, speaks to those who are familtherefore, authentic and exact. In one cor- which he passed before he could reach his iar with the broad and open peculiarities of ner is given, on a reduced scale, a map of journey's end. Along his entire route he this great political structure. It would be Africa entire, so colored as to show the prin- kept a minute diary, crowding it with his ob- well if the book had been adapted for more cipal river basins; while at the bottom is a servations of the country and the people. general circulation in America by a brief horizontal section of the Continent along the The result is a great mass of curious inform- sketch of what is elemental to every Briton route pursued. This profile is to us a most ation, rich and varied in detail, and present-in regard to the constitution of his country, interesting and instructive feature, furnishing ing in photographic distinctness a panoramic but which is imperfectly understood by the in a single glance a better idea of the contour view of scenery and life in tropical Africa; average of well-informed Americans. Takof the country-its basins, table-lands, constituting a really large addition to the ing for granted that his readers understand mountain ranges and bold coast frontage, sum of our previous knowledge of this sec- the general working of Crown, Cabinet and than could be obtained from pages of de- tion of the Continent. Beyond question the Parliament, Mr. Bagehot most acutely and scription. The map is drawn in the best achievements here recorded entitle the au- with great felicity points out forces that are style of topographical art, and exquisitely thor's name to a place, both as an adventurer out of sight, and shows how they modify the engraved and printed; being in all respects and a discoverer, by the side of Speke and operation of what are popularly supposed to fully up to the high standard of Stanford's Livingstone. be the controlling powers. He treats in celebrated establishment in London, whose Of the prospects of Africa Comr. Cameron successive chapters of the Cabinet, the Monimprint it bears. It alone is an exceedingly takes a more hopeful view than do some archy, the House of Lords, the House of important contribution to our means for the recent travelers - Col. Long, for instance. Commons, Changes of Ministry, Supposed geographical study of Africa. That the Continent has a future before it he Checks and Balances, the Prerequisites of is very confident. The famous ivory trade Cabinet Government and the peculiar form is not likely to last long, owing to the wanton they have assumed in England, its History destruction of elephants; but the vegetable and the effects of that History. and mineral products are varied and valuable. On the establishment of proper means The English Constitution and Other Political Essays. of communication and the adequate supply | By Walter Bagehot. D. Appleton & Co. Comr. Cameron, who is an officer in the British Navy, may be said to have departed on the expedition recounted in this volume • Across Africa. By Verney Lovett Cameron. Harper & Brothers. Did Lombard Street never know of any "vicious paper money" in the Confederate States? Did Mr. Bagehot never see Jefferson Davis's face on Confederate notes? Whether or not it is owing to the inherent times of financial want to borrow of old countries; the United States to Peru, for the settlement superiority of the English Constitution, it is but the old countries were frightened by the prob of conflicting claims between the two counable issue of unlimited inconvertible paper, and a notable fact that no Englishman writes they would not lend a shilling. Much more than tries. Having completed his duties in this about it without burning incense in its praise. the mercantile credit of America was thus lost. capacity, he entered on a work of travel and The great commercial houses in England are the Mr. Bagehot indulges in criticisms on certain most natural and most effectual conveyers of in- research, - which occupied him many months, particulars, but does not come behind his telligence from other countries to Europe. If and resulted in a most thorough examination fellows in his expressions of supreme satis- they had been financially interested [!] in giving of the territory and its ruins. He carried in a sound report as to the progress of the war, with him "the compass, the measuring-line, faction with the Constitution as compared a sound report we should have had. But as with that of any other country. In his Intro- the Northern States raised no loans [!] in Lom the pencil and the photographic camera; duction to this edition, covering some sev-bard Street, (and could raise none because of knowing well that only accurate plans, sectheir vicious paper money,) Lombard Street did enty pages, he specially points out the great not care about them, and England was very im- tions, elevations, drawings and views can superiority of Parliamentary Government, perfectly informed of the progress of the civil adequately meet the rigorous demands of which he considers that of England, over struggle." modern science, and render clear what mere Presidential Government, which he supposes verbal description would fail to make intellito be the form of government of the United gible." In this spirit, and thus equipped, States. It is surprising that, with such acMr. Squier first traversed the coast section, curate knowledge of his own government, he westward of the Cordillera, visiting the vast so misconceives that of this country as to It is still more amazing to find Mr. Bage- ruins of Grand Chimu, Pachacamac, Cajarsuppose that Congress has little practical hot stating it as a peculiarity of our govern- marquilla, and numberless others less known power in shaping legislation and determining ment that it is not Congress that issues paper but scarcely less interesting; thence, crossed questions of taxation and finance; and that money, but the President, of his sole author- the Cordillera to Tiahuanuco in Bolivia, and it is the President who really controls these ity. He declares in so many words that our Lake Titicaca with its sacred islands, the great matters. Not only is he not aware of legal tender notes were issued by President probable birthplace of the Inca civilization; his ignorance in this direction; he plumes Lincoln as a part of his prerogative. He thence proceeded northward to Cuzco, which himself upon special familiarity with Ameri- says "it is decided," as though there had point he made the center of radiating expedibeen some judicial decision to this effect, tions for many miles in every direction; and "that this power to issue greenbacks belongs finally returned to Lima, bringing back with to the President as Commander-in-Chief of him more than four hundred plans, sections the army; it is a part of what is called the and elevations, about as many sketches and war power." drawings, a large number of photographs, and a considerable collection of works of art and industry. Not less than two hundred and fifty of these are made use of for the illustration of the present volume. can finance: "There is one series of events which have happened in America since the beginning of the civil war, on which I should wish to say something in detail. I mean the financial events. These lie within the scope of my peculiar studies, and it is comparatively easy to judge of them." Whereupon he proceeds to say that in matters of taxation and finance there is discussion and debate in Parliament, so that the people indirectly shape the result; but in our Presidential Government this wholesome corrective of discussion is lacking: "The distinguishing quality of Parliamentary Government is, that in each stage of a public transaction there is a discussion; that the public assist at this discussion. . . . But the character "The authors of the American Constitution to control the American Executive as our Parliadoubtless intended that Congress should be able ment controls ours. They placed the granting of supplies in the House of Representatives exclusively. But they forgot to look after 'paper money.' And now it has been held that the President has power to emit such money without consulting Congress at all. The first part of the late war was so carried on by Mr. Lincoln; he relied not on grants of Congress, but on the prerogative of emission." Despite this unaccountable ignorance on istic of a Presidential Government is, in a multi- some points of American history, American tude of cases, that there is no such discussion; that upon the whole, the administration is doing pretty much as it likes, and neglecting as it likes." valuable one. government and finance, the book is a very It is a pity that it has not been edited by one who would take pains to While we in America are considering correct these glaring mistakes. There is an "American Preface" with the signature of how to guard the Presidential authority from the encroachments of Congress, and while “E. L. Y.," but we judge that “E. L. Y.” plans are suggested by which the Secretary must have gone very cursorily through the of the Treasury, for instance, may have a volume, or he would have made corrections hand in shaping financial legislation, Mr. which are obviously needed. The Preface Bagehot writes as though our difficulty was itself shows signs of the haste which tolerin the other direction, and as though Con-ates slovenly sentences. gress had nothing to say, and held no interminable discussions upon tariffs and tax levies. Some of Mr. Bagehot's errors of fact as to SQUIER'S PERU.* THIS HIS volume presents in an extremely attractive form the results of a proAmerican financial legislation are simply longed exploration of the monumental antiqmarvelous. He considers it, for instance, auities of Peru. More than a dozen years great mistake that the North issued Legal Tenders during the Rebellion, and intimates that it was this inconvertible currency that placed the North at a disadvantage in England as against the South, which, he seems to suppose, had no such inconvertible currency: "Being a new country, America ought in her since the author, already known as an accom- * Peru, etc. By E. G. Squier. Harper & Brothers. Mr. Squier's narrative possesses the twofold interest of a description of a country and its people as now existing, and a study of a country and its people as they once were. Like an old painting which has been covered up by a new, Peru is the seat of more than one civilization, and the work before us is the one through and underneath the other. distinctly valuable in that it allows us to see well included in its title. The book is a The phrase "Travel and Exploration" is skillful and intelligent record of both of those two things. The historic grandeur of the field whose exploration was undertaken by Mr. Squier, is well portrayed in the following passage: "The Inca Empire had attained its greatest extension and power precisely at the period of the discovery by Columbus, under the reign of Huayna Capac, who, rather than Huascar, or Atahualpa, should be called the last of the Incas. His father, the Inca Tupac Yupanqui, had pushed his conquests in the south beyond in Chili; while, at the same time, Huayna Capac the great desert of Atacama, to the river Maule, himself had reduced the powerful and refined kingdom of the Sciris of Quito, on the north. the Incas had pressed down to the Pacific, on From their great dominating central plateau, the one hand, and to the dense forests of the Amazonian valleys, on the other. Throughout cipalities and tribes, Huayna Capac at the bethis wide region, and over all its nations, pringinning of the sixteenth century ruled supreme. His empire extended from four degrees above the equator to the thirty-fourth southern parallel of latitude, a distance of not far from three thou sand miles; while from east to west it spread, with varying width, from the Pacific to the valleys of Paucartambo and Chuquisaca, an average distance of not far from four hundred miles, covering an area therefore of more than one million square miles, equal to about one third of the total area of the United States, or to the whole of the United States to the eastward of the Mississippi River." The ancient inhabitants of this country Careful search discovers, not exactly the were powerfully affected, not only in their glittering treasures which appear to have recharacter and habits, but in their polity, religion and art, by its strongly marked features: "The empire itself could never have existed, nor the Incas have obtained any extraordinary ascendancy over their neighbors, or have developed a civilization so advanced as theirs, had it not been for exceptional circumstances of position, influencing alike climate and productions, and directing their power and ambition in fixed channels. "In no part of the world does nature assume grander, more imposing, or more varied forms. Deserts as bare and repulsive as those of Sahara alternate with valleys as rich and luxuriant as those of Italy..... There are lakes, ranking in size with those that feed the St. Lawrence, whose surfaces lie almost level with the summit of Mt. Blanc; and they are the centers of great terrestrial basins, with river sys sea. VERTICAL TERRAGE 五 ENTRANCE B of their villages, and the indications of the quar- permitted to use in this connection, are illus- VERTICAL TERRACE VERTICAL TERRACE VERTICAL TERRACE VERTICAL TERRACE BROKEN DOWN Ε TERRE-PLAIN COVERED WITH RUINS SCALE OF FEET WALL & JE HIGH WITH WINDOWS tems of their own, and having no outlet to the warded the faith and enthusiasm of Dr. | ner. The whole structure is now greatly The two great mountain ranges which de- Schliemann on the plains of Troy, but still a dilapidated, but traces of former splendors termine the physical aspect of the South American continent, attain their maximum of bulk, great variety of curious objects - knitting are readily discerned. and have their most decided features in what utensils, weapons, pottery, wooden and metal was the Inca Empire. .. "The ancient inhabitants built their dwell-ware, some ornaments and sculptures, and ings among rough rocks, on arid slopes of hills, symbolic figures. One skull, taken from the and walled up their dead in caves and clefts, or Inca cemetery in the valley of Yucay, disburied them among irreclaimable sands, in order to utilize the scanty cultivable soil for agriculture. They excavated great areas in the deserts until they reached moisture enough to support vegetation, and then brought guano from the islands to fertilize these sunken gardens. They terraced up every hill and mountain-side, and gathered the soil from the crevices of the rocks to fill the narrow platforms." These last words furnish a suggestion of the character of the ruins of Peru. The Inca civilization left no writings; its only literature was the massive and curious architecture which dotted hill and valley. In the remains of these ancient edifices is to be read much of the history of the people who built and used them: TOMB B, NECROPOLIS, CHIMU. tinctly presents a case of "trepanning" be- The conclusions to which Mr. Squier's researches have brought him are summed up in his final chapter. He entertains no doubt that the civilization of the ancient Peruvians was indigenous. What might have been its future but for the Spanish conquest he does not venture to conjecture. The material prosperity of the country was then far in advance of what it is now. There are some evidences in Peru "of an early and comparatively rude past . . . monuments coincident in character, if not in time, with those which the unanimous verdict of science gives to the earliest of what we call the Old World: "There is no valid evidence that within any period known to human records the progenitors of the Peruvians reached their country from abroad, or that their civilization was imparted to them by any other race. Even if it be assumed that the whole human family sprung from a single pair, and that their original seat was in the highthe globe, still it remains true that the period of lands of Armenia, whence they have overspread their advent in Peru antedates all human record. The attempt to make them Hindoos because inta is the Quichua name for the Sun, and India has the same meaning in Hindostanee, is simply "Their reservoirs and aqueducts give us a clear insight into their agricultural system. Their bridges, roads and tambos tell us of their means of intercommunication. Their great fortresses and other public works show that the rulers had at their disposal the labor of a numerous and industrious population. And the very absence of any remains of the habitations of the common people shows us conclusively what must have been the condition of the masses. . We know the aborigines yet discovered on the Contihow crimes were punished, from the elaborate nent. prisons; how executions were performed, from the ruins of structures which unmistakably indiThe engravings which, by favor of the cate the purpose of their construction. The sites publishers of Mr. Squier's volume, we are absurd." SPENCER'S PRINCIPLES OF BEFO EFORE saying our word about this book, we desire to record a protest against the name with which Mr. Spencer has distinguished his philosophical system. The name of a system of philosophy should be a definite expression of its character and its method. The "Synthetic Philosophy" is not a definite expression of either the character or the method of Herbert Spencer's system. The system is of course synthetic, and so is the system of Hegel and of Aquinas, but the term has no special adapt iveness to Mr. Spencer's. For his exposition of his master's doctrines, Mr. Fiske selected a far more fitting name. The "Cosmic Philosophy" expresses the character and method of the system (with more precision) than any other term which, so far as we know, has been suggested. . The work before us is the fourth of the other, form an aggregate constituted on the same author, has a distinct claim to the candid The volume is, in our judgment, the most valuable, as well as the most correct in its doctrines, of any that has yet been issued in the series of the "Synthetic Philosophy." The next volume Mr. Spencer hopes to complete before the close of 1879. We are of those who firmly believe that respect for the essence and substance of religion is ineradicably ingrained in the nature of man; and, therefore, that the frank discussion of the relative merits of any or all the forms by which the human religious element has sought to express itself is not only in order, but may fearlessly be encouraged MR. Frothingham's position among the we believe, attacks an invulnerable fortress, which never has surrendered, and never will surrender; and this, because it is intrenched in the natural love, sympathy, aspiration, hope and faith of the common heart of mankind. The finite human feels, even when it does not think, its relation to the Infinite; and out of that conscious relation springs what we call religion, which is the pose of the individual soul in more or less of awe, reverence, worship and obedience toward God. This pose cannot be opposed successfully; simply because there is nothing so natural as religion. series in which Mr. Spencer is embodying his doctrines. It is divided into three parts, the first and the largest of which is devoted to the data of sociology. These data are such external conditions as the climate, geology and flora of a country, and such internal MR. FROTHINGHAM'S TWO VOLUMES.* to proceed. He who attacks religion itself, conditions as the ideas and beliefs which man in the various stages of civilization possesses. The ideas that a tribe or a people scholars and men of marked intellecthold regarding such phenomena as sleep ual power in this country has long been recand dreams, death and resurrection; regard- ognized. As a preacher in the great metroing souls, ghosts, demons and all supernat- polis of this nation he has achieved a happy ural objects; regarding its deities and the eminence, and from Sunday to Sunday wins. methods of worshiping them, are the princi- to his hearing an audience which, if not conpal internal data for determining the sociolog-spicuously great in numbers, is certainly so ical condition of that people. These data in culture and refinement. And yet Mr. Mr. Spencer has collected to an amount and Frothingham is no holiday man; he is not to a degree of detail worthy of the author of merely an orator capable of graceful and ele"The Anatomy of Melancholy;" he has ar- gant periods; he is not a student to say with ranged them with a clearness, grace and Prospero in the Tempest: force which Buckle never surpassed; and he has traced the relations existing between them with philosophic discrimination. so being content with his books, and indifferIn the second part Mr. Spencer considers ently leaving the affairs of men to drift by as the inductions of Sociology. The key-stone they will. In all that concerns humanity this "It is my faith that, as long as there shall be of the whole system is the induction that scholar and preacher has taken a vital inter- traces of human life, there will be traces of reli"society is an organism;" and the chapters Early in his ministry he became deeply gion; and the religion, instead of becoming more shadowy and ephemeral, will increase in richness treating of "social growth," "social func-enlisted in the anti-slavery cause, and his and splendor. It is my belief that the cardinal tions," "social types and constitutions," at- pulpit trumpet gave no uncertain sound in ideas that constitute its intellectual substance will tempt to prove in various ways the truth of that great ethico-political agitation. On later never decline; that great realities will become more real as time rolls on. Aspiration, the sighthis and of allied propositions. The chief questions of reform, as they have succes-ing for the perfect, the longing for the infinite, reasons for regarding society as an organism sively risen to vex our social sphere, he has the craving for a better truth than has been disbeen as unequivocally committed to the side covered, will haunt the mind more and more as reason becomes calm and composed, and able to of justice and impartial right, finding in all a entertain the facts that make up human life. As tion with enlightened, philanthropic men of wider, more comprehensive in its scope as it becommon ground of sympathy and coöpera- man grows older, reason will more and more predominate over passion: then intellect will become every Christian sect. are: "It [society] undergoes continuous growth; as it grows, its parts, becoming unlike, exhibit increase of structure; the unlike parts simultaneously assume activities of unlike kinds; these activities are not simply different, but their differ ences are so related as to make one another possible; the reciprocal aid thus given causes mutual dependence of the parts; and the mutually-dependent parts, living by and for one an The Principles of Sociology. By Herbert Spencer. Vol. I. D. Appleton & Co. est. "My library was dukedom large enough," We mention these facts with the purpose of indicating that Mr. Frothingham, as an The Spirit of the New Faith: A Series of Sermons. In this belief Mr. Frothingham is himself a sharer. On page 117 of The Spirit of the New Faith, he says: comes richer in its culture, more rather than less charged with new meanings; the great doctrines imaginative and poetic. The great words will be will be interpreted in finer senses.' In this volume, which is a collection of Discourses, twelve in number, one thing is The Cradle of the Christ: A Study in Primitive Christi- markedly apparent; and that is the high moral tone which pervades every chapter. anity. By O. B. Frothingham. G. P. Putnam's Sons. |