ever there be made to ceafe (if Mr. Burke must have it cessation) with regard to public fubjects, the ufual ftream of law and juftice is not dried up; it is only diverted, into another channel.The principle was pointed against the act in question. Apply it to the act in queftion. But the act was not made for a cessa tion of law and juftice: it only altered-did not even suspend; for to fufpend is not properly to put one thing in the place of another-the act only changed the common course of law and juftice, with regard to men no longer within the common rank of citizens. Try the principle again. Martial law-though not in Mr. Burke's words, a ceflation of law and juftice-is an alteration of common law, a fufpenfion of franchifes, with regard to men out of the common, line of subjects, with regard to foldiers. But fhall the whole people be univerfally fubjected to martial law? Mr. Burke, whatever be his affection for his "great, fteady, uniform principle," will not anfwer Yes. The alarm of fuch a proceeding," adds Mr. Burke (taking his principle to be granted) "would operate as a fort of call of the nation."-" As to my part, I have heard so many calls of the nation of late, without any answer being made to them," fubjoins the noble commentator," that I fear the nation has either loft its hearing or its voice." • Now mark a plain man set both right-How it may be in national parlance, thofe who are converfant with nations beft can tell; but, to be fure, in common parlance, except in theatrical foliloquies, a man does not very often call to his felf. The caller then may be faction, the callee this deluded nation. Here is the whole cafe-the latter has loft its hearing; the for mer, happily for this country, its voice.' Our author's conclufion is in a ftyle of the feverest ridicule. • Lord Abingdon and Sir Edward Newenham have folemnly. offered us their blood, have told us they are ready to feal their fentiments and their principles with their blood. The cenfure, which his Lordship's severity threw upon the Chief Justice, does not here recoil upon his felf. Lord Abingdon, if he be at prefent no warrior, is at leaft willing to become one. Good! "Are there not wars ?" fays honeft Jack Falstaff" Is there not employment? Doth not the King lack fubjects? Do not the rebels need foldiers?" They have only to realize their golden promifes. "If they choose to fight their battles in their own perfons, nobody prevents their fetting fail to America in the next transports.". Should the prefent bell-governed profcription ftill continue, fhould our government ftill be found in the hands of devils, Should this deftructive civil war ftill proceed, And Lord Abing don and Sir Edward Newenham yet ufe none of their blood as fealing-wax what reader will not think of the false school-boy, who fwears to his mother's waiting-maid that he will die at her dear feet, and pour out the laft drizzling drop of his blood to ferve her who will not fay of fuch vain braggarts, what the player in the prologue to "the School for Scandal" fays of its author? "For your applause all perils he'll go through: He'll fight-that's write-a cavalliero true! 'Till every drop of blood-that's ink-be spilt for you." A Theological Survey of the Human Understanding. Intended as an Antidote against Modern Deifm. 8vo. 55. bound. Wallis and Stonehouse. THE HE defign of this work, as the author himself expresses it, is to investigate and defend the doctrine of divine grace, on certain known principles of reason, to divest it of every wild and enthufiaftic inference, and to delineate the religion of reafon and nature, including grace, in a method as nearly fynthetical as poffible, and on a plan entirely new.' For this purpose he treats of nature and interpofition; and thews, that if the Almighty interpofed, when he created the world, he may interpofe now the world is created. He then endeavours to demonstrate the duty of man to the Deity, and the immortality of the human foul, from the confideration principally of that divine love with which the Almighty loves mankind, the probable confequences of it, and the returns which are due to him on that account from us, his reasonable creatures. The purport of the next chapter is thus expreffed in a corollary: Seeing the generality of mankind have ever affented to the doctrine of the existence of a God, and the immortality of the foul, in a manner much stronger than could be expected, were they guided principally by oral or written tradition, by hope or fear, by ratiocination, or even by all thefe conjointly, they are therefore influenced thus to affent by spiritual fenfation, organ, or medium in the mind, adapted to the perception of those celeftial objects; in like manner as is the eye to colours, and the ear to founds. And it appears, finally, that this divine energy in the human understanding is, THE TRUE FOUNDATION OF THEOLOGY.' Having conducted his reader through a labyrinth of metaphyfical obfervations, the author, in the fourth chapter, proceeds to the main fubject in debate, namely, to enquire whether there be not fomething generally appertaining to the mind of man, that may be deemed fupernatural, however natural the mind itself may be in its origin. This point he endeavours to establish by the following fyllogiftic arguments. Where certain effects are wanting, the efficient caufe of those effects must be wanting: but the effects of the divine principle in queftion are wanting in the minds of fuch children, as are but just perfected in fenfation: therefore the divine principle itself, the efficient caufe, is wanting in them likewife. 2. All the various effects of nature are ftated, or periodical in their initial appearances, however diftant in time from the causes, which produce them: but the effects of this divine principle in the minds of mankind are not thus stated or periodical: therefore they are not the effects of nature. 3. He who violates the laws of God, forfeits his interest in every bleffing of the celestial kind; but the good principle in queftion is a blefling of the celestial kind: therefore he who violates the laws of God, forfeits his intereft in it. 4. Every act of clemency on the part of God is a divine, interpofition, seeing it is the averfion of that punishment, which is the natural effect of offending justice" but the continuance of the good principle in the mind of man,! after finning, is an act of clemency on the part of God: therefore a divine interpofition. This is a flight fketch of the treatise now before us, which we thought neceffary to lay before our readers, in order to give them some idea of the author's plan. As he feems to have taken very confiderable pains in the execution of his work, we were unwilling to dispatch this article in more general terms; though the book itself, we muft confefs, is dry and unentertaining, in confequence perhaps of that mathematical and fyllogistical mode of reafoning which he has adopted. To this tract is fubjoined a psychological ftri&ture, defigned to prove, that the fouls of the departed righteous, will be hereafter clothed upon with glorified bodies, rifing mysteriously from the diffolution of their prefent mortal forms.’ A Treatise concerning Porifms. By Robert Simfon, M. D. DR. No. I. 2. 5d. Nourfe. 1 R. Robert Simpfon was generally confeffed to be the best geometrician of the age, and was particularly fkilled in the geometry of the ancients, the purity of which he endea voured to retrieve and preferve to the moderns. To him we have long been indebted for the most correct copy of Euclid's Elements, that, perhaps, is now in being. Very little befides of his valuable performances were published in his life-time; but the rest of them have lately been printed at the expence of the Earl Stanhope, a nobleman celebrated for his great knowledge of of thofe fubjects, and for his protection and encouragement to the profeffors of them. Thefe pofthumous pieces confift of a restoration of Apollonius's Treatife on Determinate Sections; a Restoration of Euclid's Book on Porifms, with three other pieces on Logarithms; on the Limits of Quantities and Ratios ; and Problems, illuftrating principally the Analysis of the ancient Geometers. These works are all written in the Latin language, and the few copies of the book which were printed, were prefented to perfons fkilled in mathematical learning. This circumftance fuggefted to Mr. Lawfon the propriety of extending the usefulness of this work to a greater length, by publishing it to the world, and rendering it eafy to be procured by every person. This Number contains a translation of Dr. Simfon's preface, and of about one fourth of the Treatife on Porifms, and the learned editor gives the following account of it. The tranflator has here given only five fheets of this most valuable work, not venturing to print the whole at once, as well knowing how very confined the fale of things of this nature is. He is afraid that scarce fo many of this prefent Number will be fold, as to defray the expence of printing, paper, engraving, and advertising, even at the price he has fet upon them, which may by fome perfons unacquainted with these matters be thought rather unreasonable. He is however not without fome hopes that all lovers of geometry will become encouragers of this publication, for the following reasons, viz. ⚫ift. On account of the great curiosity of the subject, which has lain in total obfcurity and oblivion ever fince the time of Pappus Alexandrinus, as will be seen in the preface. • 2d. On account of the great abilities of the author, the late Dr. Simfon, who has always been efteemed the first geometer of the age. Laftly. On account of the peculiar circumftance of this and the Doctor's other pofthumous pieces, viz. that they are not to be purchased for money, they having been printed at the expence of that noble patron of mathematical learning, the Right Honourable the Earl Stanhope, only to be difpofed of in presents. For these reasons the editor prefumes to hope that this tranflation will not be unacceptable to the public. He will for two or three months wait the iffue of the fale of this firft Number, and if he finds that it will defray the expence, though barely, and without any confideration for his time and labour, he will proceed to finish the work in three more fuch Numbers, which thall be published monthly. • He He intended to have had the diagrams upon the pages of the text, in the fame manner as they are in the original Latir, but upon enquiry found that the expence would be double that of copper plates.' We have before had occafion to do juftice to Mr. Lawson's ingenuity and critical knowledge in the geometry of the ancients; and we cannot refuse our hearty wishes for his encouragement and fuccefs in the prefent laudable undertaking. FOREIGN ARTICLES. Mémoires pour fervir à la Connoiffance des Affaires politiques & has lived feven years in Sweden, and availed himself of the opportunity of gaining information of the actual state of that kingdom. He has divided his work into twelve fections. The firft contains a concise sketch of the Swedish hiftory: the fecond, an abstract of Sweden's treaties with foreign powers, exhibiting at one view its various and fucceffive gains and loffes in the lottery of war and negotiation; the third, a furvey of the changes in the Swedish conftitution, fince 1720; the fourth, the ftate of the army and navy; the fifth, an account of the Swedish orders of knighthood; the fixth, the prefent internal adminiftration of the kingdom, and its political economy in general; the feventh, the nature and amount of the taxes; the eighth, an account of the mines and their produce; the ninth, the chief produce of the forefts; the tenth, the ftate of trade and commerce; the eleventh, the fate of manufactures, efpecially fince 1730; the twelfth, the ftate of the finances, and of the national bank. So long ago as 1660, the Swedish national debt amounted to 16,030,000 filver dollars (at 1s. 6d. each); during the minority of Charles XI. it rofe to 20,876,000 filver dollars. All the Swedith land forces are here faid to amount to 46,295 men; 'and, together with the fortifications, ammunition, &c. the -expence was estimated at 1,114,4564 Hamburgh banco rix dollars. In 1766, the royal navy confifted in 30 men of war, 9 frigates, 59 gallies, 6 galliots, 4 brigantines, 7 prames, 4 half-gallies, 3 floops, and 21 fail of transports; it was afterwards increased with 3 fhips of the line, and 4 fmaller veffels. Its expence amounted in 1772 to 1,807,150 filver dollars; but to man it completely would be very difficult, if not impracticable. According to Mr. Faggot, Sweden and Finnland contain about 9000 Swedish fquare leagues (at 10 leagues to a degree); and according to Mr. Lagerbring, 10,000: but of thefe, only 5032 fquare leagues are faid to be fufceptible of cultivation. It is divided into five large provinces, fubdivided into 27 governments; has one archbishop, 13 bishops, three univerfities, 103 cities and towns; -but is faid in 1769 to have contained only about 2,571,800 inhabitants; though its population, from 1751 to 1769, had increased by 343,000 perfons. In 1775, the Swedish nobility and gentry confifted of 2,170 families, among them 85 counts, and 231 barons. VOL. XLIV. Nov. 1777. In Сс |