Introduction to Chemical Physics: Designed for the Use of Academies, High Schools, and Colleges

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Van Nostrand, 1874 - 550 páginas
 

Contenido

Chemistry explains Respiration
11
Chemistry explains the extraction of Metals
12
Importance of Chemistry
13
Chemistry depends upon the Balance
14
Apparatus required in Chemistry
15
Simple and Compound substances distinguished
16
The number of the Elements
17
Chemical Affinity defined
18
The active Agents of Chemistry
19
The Chemical AgentsHeat Light Electricity why called Im
20
The study of Chemistry begins with the Chemical Agents
21
CHAPTER II
22
Heat present in all bodies 40 Heat and Cold relative terms
23
Heat the repulsive principle of Matter
24
Three modes in which Heat seeks an Equilibrium
25
First mode Conduction
26
Density favorable to Conduction
27
Porous bodies bad conductors
28
Illustrations of Conduction
30
Applications in the Arts
31
Animals and Plants protected by nonconducting coverings
32
Liquids poor conductors
33
The Gases poor conductors
34
The conducting power of different Gases different
35
Convection in Gases
37
xvi
40
The third mode of diffusionRadiation
43
PAGE
48
Concave Mirrors
49
The reflection of Heat by Fireplaces
55
The refrangibility of rays of heat may be altered by re radia
74
Expansion of Solids proved
80
The absorption of Heat affected by Color
82
Injurious effects of Expansion
86
Mellonis experiments on diathermancy of Solids
88
The expansion of Air
93
PAR PAGE 124 Water expands in freezing
98
Illustrations of this Force in Nature
99
Other substanccs also expand in Solidifying
100
The Air Thermometer
101
The Differential Thermometer
102
The Mercurial Thermometer
103
Construction of the Thermometer
104
Fahrenheits Scale
105
Other Thermometric Scales
106
Different forms of the Thermometer
108
Metallic Thermometers
109
Pyrometers
110
Effects of HeatLiquefaction 133 Heat of Composition
112
Liquefaction produced by Heatmelting point
113
The amount of Heat absorbed during the melting of Ice
114
The amount of Heat thus absorbed shown by experiment
115
Solids cannot be heated above their point of fusion until the whole of the solid is melted
116
The Heat absorbed in Liquefaction is given out in solidification
117
Liquefaction always produces a reduction of Temperature
118
Freezing Mixtures
119
Salts and Acids dissolved in Water lower the freezing point
120
Two substances mixed often melt at a lower temperature than either separatelyFluxes
121
Important effects of this exception
122
The beneficial effects of this Constitution
124
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEATLIQUEFACTION125
125
Vaporization
126
The physical properties of Vapors
127
Absorption of Heat in Ebullition
128
The heat absorbed in Vaporization given out again in Condensa tion
129
The amount of Heat absorbed not the same for all Vapors
130
The Boiling point variableinfluenced by atmospheric pressure
131
Wollastons Hypsometer
133
Solids dissolved in a Liquid elevate its boiling point
134
Elevation of the boiling point indicates increase of pressure
135
The culinary paradoxWater made to boil by the application of Cold
137
The amount of expansion of Liquids in Vaporization especially Water in producing Steam
138
The Condensation of Steam by decrease of Temperature
139
Wollastons Steam Bulb
140
The two forms of the Steam Engine
142
The Steam Engine in its most complete form
143
Latent Heat of the Condensing Engine
145
The Boiler
146
The Boiler is an apparatus for forming and compressing Steam
147
Law of the propagation of pressure through Fluids
149
Mode in which pressure is transmitted from the Boiler to the Cylinder
150
Explosion of Boilers
151
The Boilers of Locomotives
152
The alternating movement of the Piston how produced The Valves
153
Steam may be used expansively
155
PAR PAGE 187 No economy of fuel in boiling Water at a low Temperature
156
No economy in using Liquids which boil at a lower Temperature than Water
158
Papins Digester
159
The Spheroidal state
160
The Spheroidal state explains the explosions of Boilers
162
Distillation
164
Uses of Distillation
166
EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEATEBULLITION167 168
167
Effects of HeatEvaporation 196 Evaporation
169
The amount of Vapor formed and its elasticity proportioned to Temperature
170
These truths illustrated by Experiment
171
The rapidity of Evaporation varies with the pressure In a vacuum it is instantaneous
172
The amount of Evaporation of different Liquids in a vacuum at the same Temperature is unequal
173
The elastic force of Vapor in a confined space does not vary with pressure but with Temperature
174
The elastic force of Vapor in two connecting vessels cannot rise above the elastic force proper to the colder vessel
177
The rate of Evaporation of different Liquids in Air is unequal
179
The presence of Vapor in Air affects its bulk and density
180
The circumstances which influence Evaporation
181
Removal of Atmospheric Pressure hastens Evaporation and in creases Cold
183
Cause of the Cold produced by Evaporation
184
The Pulse Glass
186
Effect of Evaporation on Climate
187
Solid Carbonic acid 226 Solidification of other gases
202
96
204
EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEAT EVAPORATION209
209
Specific Heat determined by the rise of Temperature produced
215
The Specific Heat of a body changed by altering its physical
221
The distribution of temperature in the atmosphere explained
226
The Sources of Heat
232
The mechanical theory of Heat
238
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE 264 The convertibility of the Forces and their indestructibility
244
264 There is an analogy between Heat Light and Sound
245
CHAPTER III
246
The sources of LightSolar Light
247
Electricity a source of Light
248
Exposure to the Suns rays and to Electricity a source of Light
249
The reflection of Light
250
The refraction of Light
251
The double refraction and polarization of Light
252
The Spectroscope
268
The new metals discovered by Spectrum Analysis
269
The dark lines of the Solar Spectrum exactly coincident with the bright lines of spectra produced by the metals
271
PAR PAGE 289 The dark lines of the Solar Spectrum explained
272
289 The Solar Specturm sometimes crossed by bright lines
273
290 Spectra of the Moon and Planets 291 Of the Stars
275
292 Spectra of the Nebulae 293 Spectra of Comets
276
Effects of Light on Vegetation 291 Summary of these 277
277
The effects of Solar Light on Chemical compounds
279
The Daguerreotype process 294 The Photograph 280
280
Photographs are produced solely by the Chemical rays
284
Practical importance of distinguishing between the Illuminating and Chemical rays of Light
285
All surfaces are affected by the Suns light
286
The relations of the rays of Heat Light and Chemical effect in the Solar Spectrum
287
CHAPTER IV
289
The nature of Electricity
290
The sources of Electricity
291
Electrical attraction and repulsion
292
Two bodies similarly electrified repel each other
293
Conductors and NonconductorsInsulation
294
Vitreous electricity cannot be produced without a corresponding amount of Resinous electricity and vice versa
295
Induction of Electricity
296
The intervention of solid matter no obstacle to Induction
297
The theory of Induction
298
Electricity confined to the external surface of bodies
299
Theories of Electricity
300
Development of large quantitiesThe Electrical Machine
301
The Leyden Jar
302
Mode of charging the Leyden Jar
304
The Electrophorus
305
The HydroElectric Machine
306
The effects of Electricity
307
EXPERIMENTS ON STATICAL ELECTRICITY296
311
Discovery of Galvanic Electricity
312
Correction of Galvanis theory by Volta
313
The Voltaic Pile
314
True theory of the Pile
315
Chemical constitution of the substances used to produce Voltaic Electricity
316
Proof that Chemical decomposition is the source of Galvanic Electricity
317
The decomposing plate is the point of departure of the Electrical current
318
Mode of transfer of the Hydrogen
319
The part played by the Copper plate
320
The polarization and transfer of the elements of the Liquid and the polarization of the Solid particles of the circuit necessary for the electric force to c...
321
Proof that a state of electrical Tension exists in the plates before the actual passage of the current
323
The energy of the current proportionate to the Chenical activity
324
The direction of the current dependent upon the direction of the Chemical action
325
Direct metallic connection between the generating and conduc ing plate not necessary
326
The Gas Battery
327
The Galvanic Battery ५२०
329
PAR PAGE 341 Batteries of Intensity and Batteries of Quantity
330
Improved Batteries 831
331
The Sulphate of Copper Battery
332
Daniells Battery
333
Groves Battery
335
Bunsens Battery 336 1
336
Smees Battery
337
De Lucs Pilethe dry Pile
339
Proof of the similarity of the electricity of the Battery and that of the Electrical Machine
340
The difference between Galvanic and Statical Electricity 311
341
Heating effects of the Galvanic current
343
Luminous effects
344
Duboscqs Electric Lamp
345
Discovery of the Electric Light
346
The properties and intensity of the Electric Light
347
Heating effects are best produced by batteries of Quantity
348
The decomposition of Water by the Battery
349
The decomposition of Water is effected by the polarization and transfer of its component elements
350
The decomposition of other compound Liquids
352
The decomposition of Metallic Salts in solution
353
The Glass Cup with porous diaphragm
354
Secondary decomposition
355
The experiment of three cups connected by Syphons
357
Sir II Davys experiment in which the Acids and Alkalies under the influence of the current seem to lose their ordinary affinity
358
The successive action of the same current on different vessels of Water
359
The successive action of the same current on ve sels containing
360
ElectroMagnetism
367
The diamagnetism of Gases
373
The Liquid part of the Voltaic circuit acts upon the magnetic
380
The Magnetic Telegraph
387
The Telegraphic manipulator and Morses alphabet
391
The velocity of the telegraphic current
401
The Rate of transmission
407
Stewarts Electromotor
414
Electric Gaslighting
420
through a considerable distance
427
Induction of a Secondary current in the primary wire itself
433
Induced Tertiary currents Henrys Coils
440
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE 444 History of the discovery of Magnetoelectricity
442
VoltaMagnetoelectric Induction
443
History of the discovery of the Induction of Electricity by Elec tromagnetism
444
Aragos Rotations
446
The magnetism of the Earth induces secondary currents of Elec tricity in metallic bodies in motion
448
Magnetoelectric Induction confirms Amperes Theory
449
Pages Separable helices
450
The Circuitbreaker
452
Ruhmkorffs Coil for inducing secondary electrical currents
454
453 The Condenser 454 Ruhmkorffs Coil complete 456
456
439
457
Ritchies improved Ruhmkorffs Coil 1
459
The management of Ruhmkorffs Coil
462
The mechanical effects of Ruhmkorffs Coil
464
The Luminous effects
466
The Light intermittent and affected by the Magnet
470
Application of Geisslers Tubes to medical purposes and to the illumination of Mines
472
Application of Ruhmkorffs Coil to Spectrum Analysis
473
Chemical effects
474
Conversion of Carbon into the Diamond by the long continued action of the Coil
477
Saxtons Magnetoelectric Machine
480
Pages Magnetoelectric Machine
483
Magneto electricity used in the Arts in place of Voltaic electric ity especially for the illumination of Lighthouses
485
Holmes Magnetoelectric Machine for illuminating Light houses
488
Wildes Magnetoelectric Machine 469 Improvements of 489
489
470 Siemens and Wheatstones Machines
496
471 Ladds first Machine 472 Ladds second Machine 497
497
Difference between the electricity of the machine and battery
500
Points of resemblance between the electricity of the Machine and the secondary electrical currents induced by the primary current and by Magnets
502
Progress of discovery in the induction of electricity and
508
Thermomultiplier of Melloni
514
Various sources of Electricity and its relations to the other
522
The convertibility and equivalency of Forces true of all
528
12213
535
EXPERIMENTS ON GALVANIC ELECTRICITY ELECTROMAGNETISM
543
ent kinds of Heat
545

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