But combined with this love of liberty, there is found in the Saxon character a respect for law, and a spirit of obedience to government; because he knows that law is the true safeguard of liberty, and the government in all Saxon communities is not arbitrary and despotic, but is constitutional. The true Saxon makes his own laws, and obeys them without compulsion. His form of government is always representative: he is no lover of war for its own sake, but readily undertakes it when his liberty is endangered or a probability of aggrandisement offers. His courage, active and passive, is unsurpassed. Conscious of his powers and proud of his race, his self-estimation being extreme, he is too apt to look with contempt on the rest of the world, and is unpopular on this

account.

The inhabitants of France form the great central body of the Celtic race-the largest and most important of all its divisions. The other branches of the Celtic race are the Irish, the Welsh, the Highland Scotch, and the Manx; with the offsets by emigration, as the French Canadians, and the Irish of the United States. "It is worthy of remark that, of the whole numerous and widely diffused Celtic family, there is but one division, and that the great central one, which has preserved itself as a separate and independent nation. How differently circumstanced in this respect the branches of the Saxon family are, we have already seen. France has afforded

to the Celtic race ample room and abundant occasion for the full display of all its qualities-its highest capabilities and lowest tendencies. The most remarkable, and certainly the most important in relation to the rest of the world, of the mental qualities of the Celt, are his fighting propensities. With him war is a passion: content to fight for glory, he cares not much for the issue, provided fame attends. The whole history of France is but a commentary on this text; and her slight and shorn proportions, without colonies of any value, without her conquests notwithstanding all her brilliant campaigns and glorious victories, point to this passion, its folly, and its recompense. The pugnacious irritability of the Irishman, the Welshman, and the Highlander, has been always proverbial. In France every man is military; when well disciplined and commanded, the Celt is the best of soldiers; but, if not strongly controuled, he is apt to carry liberty to licentiousness. The conduct of the French soldiery in all countries, and the character of a celebrated Irish regiment, are known to all readers of military details. The form of government chosen by the Celt, by whatsoever name he may think proper

to dignify it-whether under directory, consul, or president— whether commencing as a limited monarchy or a free republic -cannot fail, from the very nature of his race, to pass rapidly into a form more or less despotic. In France four successive revolutions, within the memory of living man, presented as many golden opportunities of freedom. The last gave high promise. How has that promise been fulfilled? Compare the present liberty of the press throughout France with that in America or England-the passport system, police espionage, and curtailment of the franchise, with Saxon notions of freedom, and say-does the Celt yet understand what true liberty is? Is it safe in his keeping? Are the mental constitutions of the two races alike? Can they be governed in large separate bodies by similar laws?"

"The tendency to disorder and disobedience of the law, which has rendered those stringent regulations indispensable to the existence of any government in France, may easily find a parallel in the Celtic portion of Ireland. A serious crime, a murder, is committed, in the open day. Men in the fields or on the road are witnesses. The criminal is pursued by justice. He seeks and obtains sympathy and assistance. Every peasant's house offers him an asylum, and every means is used to thwart and mislead his pursuers. The murderer escapes. The standing army of military and police in Ireland completes the parallel" (30).

These extracts suffice to show the nature of this volume, and the interesting manner in which the subject is treated.

The Betting Book. By GEORGE CRUIKSHANK.

London: Cash. 1852.

With Cuts.

THIS is a bold, clever, and uncompromising exposure of the betting-shop" disease, more fatal and wide-spreading in a moral point of view than ever was the cholera in a physical one; and, like the latter, its ravages are chiefly traceable among the humbler classes of society. But Mr. Cruikshank is not content with describing the phenomena of the malady: he investigates its cause, which he traces to the baneful example of the aristocratic patrons of the race-course; but, while he points to legislative interference as the only remedy for this pestilence among the poor, he asks, "How is it possible for Parliament, with any show of decency, to pass a law to shut up those offices, they being opened expressly for the purpose of betting upon the horses kept and run, and betted upon, by the very men (or by their friends and connections) who will have to make the law?" There is no answer to this.

An Analysis and Summary of New Testament History, including the Four Gospels Hurmonised into one Continuous Narrative: the Acts of the Apostles and Continuous History of St. Paul: an Analysis of the Epistles and Book of Revelation: the Critical History, Geography, &c.: with Copious Notes, Historical, Geographical, and Antiquarian. Oxford: Wheeler. Cambridge: Wheeler. London: Bagster.

THE nature of this little volume is so fully described in the title-page that the manner in which it has been executed is all that we need speak of; and, although at the first glance we were inclined to suspect that more was promised in the title than could be performed in a book of small size, yet a more attentive examination has convinced us that the expectations held out have been realised by the auther. It is truly multum in parvo, for the subject is well understood; and there is just that amount of any information given which students of the New Testament require, and nothing superfluous. The object is not verbal criticism and exposition of the letter of Scripture, but rather the giving a broad and comprehensive view of its argument as a whole; and the exposition of details is rendered subservient to this general purpose.

It is prefaced by an "Introductory Outline" on the geography of the New Testament-its critical history, its authenticity, credibility, and inspiration, and a brief outline of our Saviour's life. These topics altogether occupy only forty-two pages. The analysis of the Gospels occupies 212 pages, and the remainder 172 pages. Yet no matters of importance are omitted; but they are either explained, or the works where the information may be found are given.

We give the following extracts as showing the manner in which the several subjects are treated in the work before us:

"St. James: there are in the New Testament three persons bearing the name of James, viz.-1. James the Elder, who was the son of Zebedee and Salome, and was slain by Herod Agrippa. 2. James the Less, son of Alphæus or Cleophas. 3. James the Just, who is called the brother of our Lord. The two last, however, were probably identical—see Gal. i. 19 (363).

"Brethren of our Lord: it is generally believed that these were not brethren of our Lord, but first cousins; and that they were the children of Mary, wife of Cleophas, and sister to the mother of Jesus (John xix. 25). 1. It was the usual language of the Jews to call first cousins brethren. 2. Mary, the sister of the mother of Jesus, had sons, two of whom, James and Joses, are named by Matthew (xxvii. 56). In John xix. 26, our Lord entrusted his mother to the care of

John, the disciple whom he loved, who then received her into his house. This would scarcely have taken place if she had had any other sons living; and yet the so-called brethren of Jesus were still alive (Acts i. 14). Eusebius relates that the grandchildren of Judas were brought before Domitian, the latter having given orders that the descendants of David should be slain. The humble circumstances of the prisoners, and their purely spiritual hopes in relation to the kingdom of Christ, procured their release" (84).

"Difference between the private journey noticed in Galatians ii. 1., and the public one related in Acts xv. During the three years A.D. 45-48, that intervened between the return of Paul and Barnabas from their first apostolic journey, and their mission from Antioch to the Church at Jerusalem, recorded it Acts xv., it seems probable that they undertook a previous journey to Jerusalem which is recorded only in Galatians ii. Some have supposed that the accounts in Acts and Galatians refer to the same journey; but we have been led to regard the one in Galatians as the first private mission, and that in Acts as a second and public mission, by a consideration of the following circumstances. 1. In Galatians, St. Paul tells us that he went up to Jerusalem by revelation, and addressed himself privately to those only of the greatest authority in the Church; but in Acts we read that Paul was sent by the Church of Antioch, and received publicly by the whole Church at Jerusalem. 2. In Galatians, Barnabas and Titus are mentioned as the only companions of Paul; but in Acts, Paul and Barnabas and certain others are sent, and no Titus is mentioned. 3. The objects of the two missions were dissimilar: the direct object of that in Galatians was the due recognition of Paul's apostleship to the Gentiles, which end was accomplished; and the single question about the Gentile Titus arose incidentally in the discussion; but the great question to be settled by that in the Acts was, whether it should be accounted essential for Gentile converts to Christianity to conform themselves to the law of Moses, and a wise and temperate arrangement was the result" (268).

There is a very good synchronical table of the political state of the Jews, under Herod and his successors, at our Lord's advent, and under the Roman procurators, till the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. And there are two good maps-one of Palestine divided into provinces, the other of the voyages and journeyings of St. Paul; and two indices: first, to the Gospels; secondly, a general index.

The Origin and Progress of Mariolatry; being intended as a Companion to the Rev. T. H. Horne's "Mariolatry." By the Rev. JOHN EVANS, M.A. London: Painter. 1852. 12mo. THE first draft of Mr. Hartwell Horne's "Mariolatry" appeared in the January and April numbers of this journal for the year 1841. The second edition, corrected and enlarged, was published in the course of the same year; and was re

printed at Hartford, in Connecticut, in 1844, with further additions, under the editorial care of the (late) Rev. S. F. Jarvis, D.D., who confirmed the accuracy of Mr. Horne's remarks from personal observations made by himself during his residence in various parts of Italy, and especially at Rome. Though Mr. Evans modestly announces his little essay as "a Companion" to Mr. Horne's volume, it will be found useful to others besides the possessors of Mr. Horne's "Mariolatry." The author treats perspicuously on the natural, moral, and theological origin of the worship of the blessed Virgin Mary; and he has supported his statements by accurate references to works of authority published by the Church of Rome and her advocates.

1. The Monthly Packet of Evening Readings for the Younger Members of the English Church. No. XX., August and September,

1852.

2. The Magazine for the Young. August and September, 1852. 3. Stories and Catechisms of the Collects. X. to XVII. Sundays after Trinity. London: Mozley.

THE sustained character of these three valuable contributions to our periodical religious literature calls for another tribute, which we gladly pay, to their merits. The last work mentioned has been collected into a neat volume, and we do not know of a more acceptable present to the " younger members of the English Church."

Sunlight in the Clouds: Some Providences in a Life Time: The Shoemaker's Daughters. London: Mozley. 1852.

THREE admirable tales comprised in a gracefully got up yet unexpensive volume, especially adapted to the religious edification of the rising generation, and highly suggestive to those of riper age. There is nothing of the sickliness of sentimentality, or the over-colouring of romance, to dilute the moral which they aim to teach.

Outlines of Universal History, Synchronologically Arranged for the Use of Schools, after the German. London: Mozley. 1852. A MOST admirable little manual, valuable alike to the youthful and advanced student, and especially adapted for "the use of schools." We regret to qualify our praise by adverting to the appended page of errata, far too copious for so small a volume, and indicating a carelessness that the author will do well to avoid in his future labours, which we shall be glad to see extended over other fields.