Pantheism adopted by Parmenides, i.

121.

Greek, i. 223.

Papacy, history of, i. 290.
Consolidation of its power in the
West, i. 362.

Signal peculiarity of, i. 378.
Human origin of, i. 382.
Paper, invention of, ii. 200.

Pappus, an Alexandrian geometrician,
i. 204.

Parabolani diverted from their ori-

ginal intent by Cyril, i. 321, 386.
"Paraclete," doctrines of faith dis-
cussed in the, ii. 10.

Paradise spoken of with clearness by
Mohammed, i. 345.

Parliament, its accusation against the
clergy, ii. 235.

Parma, John of, the General of the
Franciscans, ii. 77.

Parmenides, doctrines of, i. 121.
Pascal, his views of aumanity, i. 18.
The influence of his writings, ii.
285.
Path-zone, i. 24.

Patristicism, introduction of, i. 314.
Doctrines of, i. 315.

Conflict of, with philosophy, i. 316.
Decline of, ii. 129.

End of geography of, ii. 164.
Ethnical ideas of, ii. 165.
End of, ii. 225.

Paulus Æmilius, his severity, i. 249.
Pausanias, i. 131.

Pelagian controversy, its effect on Pa-
pal superiority, i. 293.
Pelagius, his doctrines, i. 293, 366.
Penances, the Veda doctrine of, i
61.

Pendulum first applied to clocks by
the Moors, ii. 42.

Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, i.
370.

Pergamus, library of, transferred to
Egypt, i. 318.

Pericles embraces obnoxious opinions,
i. 50.

His the age of improvement in
architecture and oratory, i. 132.

Perictione, the reputed mother of
Plato, i. 151.

Periodicities, human cause of, i. 7.
Peripatetics, their philosophy, i. 178.
Persecutions, moral effects of, ii. 225.
Persepolis, burning of by Alexander
the Great, i. 174.

Perses, revolt of, i. 246.

Persia, Greek invasion of, i. 171.

Subdued by Othman III., i. 335.
Persian invasion of Europe, i. 130.
Attack on the Byzantine system, i.

326.

Philosophical principles, application

of, i. 237.

Philosophy, peripatetic, i. 178.

Greek, end and summary of, i. 217.
Greek and Indian, the analogy be-
tween, i. 236.
Reappearance of, ii. 3.
Phlogiston, theory of, ii. 374.
Phocæans built Marseilles, i. 46.
Phoenicians, enterprise of, i. 45.
Phosphorus discovered by Achild Be-
chil, i. 410.

Photius, his two works, ii. 59.
Photography, ii. 383.

Physical instruments, improvements
in, f. 384.

Physicians, classes of, i. 397.
Jewish, i. 400.

Oppose supernaturalism, ii. 113.

Are disliked by the Church, ii. 121.
Physics of Zeno, i. 183.

Physiology, its phases the same as
those of physics, i. 5.
Of Plato, i. 156.
Of Aristotle, i. 180.
Piccolomini lays the foundation of
general anatomy, ii. 285.
Pietro de Vinea undertakes to poison
Frederick II., ii. 72.

Pinzons of Palos assist Columbus, ii.

161.

Pisa, Council of, deposes the rival
Popes, ii. 97.

The first botanical gardens esta-
blished at, ii. 390.
Plagues, mortality of ancient, i. 250.
Plants, effect of seasons on, i. 6.

Their dependence on the air, i. 102,
ii. 339.

Platæa, fabulous number slain at

battle of, i. 130.

Plater first classified diseases, ii. 285.
Plato, his profound knowledge of hu-
man nature, i. 53.
His doctrines, i. 152.
Platonism, Plutarch leans to, i. 210.

Reappearance of, in Europe, ii. 193.
Plays, miracle, moral, real, ii. 246.
Pleiades, a nickname given to seven
Alexandrian poets, i. 201.

Plotinus, writings of, i. 212, 404.
Plutarch leans to platonizing Orien
talism, i. 210.

Poggio Bracciolini quoted, ii. 101.
Polarization of light lends support to
the undulatory theory, ii. 382.
Pole star, ii. 305.
Polycrates, Bishop of Ephesus, op-
poses Victor, Bishop of Rome, i.
291.
Polygamy, institution of, i. 331.
Secured the conquest of Africa, i.
334.

Its influence in consolidating the
conquests of Mohammedanism, i.

338.

Polytheism, its antagonism to science,
i. 49.

Slowness of its decline, i. 52.
Pontifical power sustained by phy-
sical force, i. 300.

Popes, biography of, from A.D. 757,

i. 378.

Had no faith in the result of the
Crusades, ii. 23.

Porphyry, his writings, i. 214, 404.
Porsenna takes Rome, i. 244.
Posidonius, i. 232.

Praxagoras wrote on the pulse, i. 397.
Pre-existence, Plato's notion of, i. 160,
Press, liberty of, secured, ii. 250.
"Principia,"
"Newton's, quotation
from, i. 120.

Publication of, ii. 272.

Its incomparable merit, ii. 275.
Printing, invention of, ii. 198.
Effects of, ii. 200.

Problems of Greek philosophy, i. 217.
Proclus burns Vitalian's ships, i. 215.
His theology, i. 215.

Procopius, the historian, secretary to
Belisarius, ii. 58.

Profatius, a Jew, appointed regent of

the faculty of Montpellier, ii.
125.

Prosper Alpinus writes on diagnosis,
ii. 285.

Protestant, origin of the name, ii. 211.
Provincial letters of Pascal, influence
of, ii. 286.

policy of Egypt, i. 75.

"Psammites," a work of Archimedes,

i. 195.

Psychology, origin of, i. 101.

Solution of questions of, ii. 344.
Ptolemies, political position of, i. 186.
Biography of, i. 200.

Ptolemy, his "Syntaxis," i. 203.
Puffendorf, author of the "Law of
Nature and Nations," ii. 286.
Pulpit, influence of, affected by the
press, ii. 201.

Decline of eloquence of, ii. 203.
Its relation to the drama, ii. 249.
State of, an index of the mental
condition of a nation, ii. 249.
Punic wars, results of, i. 245.
Puranas, i. 65.

Pyramids of Egypt, size of, i. 75.
The Great, its antiquity and won-
ders, i. 81.

What they have witnessed, i. 84.
Their testimony unreliable as to
the age of the world, ii. 327.
Pyrrho, the founder of the Sceptics,
i. 164.

Pyrrhus, the Epirot, i. 244.
Pythagoras, biography of, i. 111.

The service he rendered us, i. 230.

Ravenna, Gerbert appointed Arch
bishop of, ii. 6.

Ray leads the way to comparative
anatomy, ii. 286.

Raymond Lully, said to have been
compelled to make gold for Ed-
ward II., ii. 155.

Raymond de Pennaforte compiles a
list of decretals, ii. 70.
Reading, its advantage over listening,
ii. 203.

Realism, its origin, ii. 11.

Reason, Algazzali's doctrine of the
fallibility of, ii. 51.

Reductio ad absurdum introduced
by Zeno, i. 122.

Reflection, Democritus's view of, i. 125.
Reflex action, ii. 348.

Reformation attempted in Greece, i.

50.

Influences leading to, ii. 190.
Dawn of the, ii. 204.
In Switzerland, ii. 210.
Organization of, ii. 211.
In Italy, ii. 212.
Arrest of, ii. 214.
Counter, ii. 219.

Culmination of, in America, ii. 226.
Relics, age of, i. 51.

Worship of, i. 414.

Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, i

153.

Republic of Plato, i. 159.
Revolution, French, ii. 150.
Rhacotis, Alexandria erected on the
site of, i. 192.

Rhazes discovers sulphuric acid, i. 410.
Rhazes, a Moorish writer on botany,
ii. 39.

Rheims, Gerbert appointed Arch-
bishop of, ii. 5.

Rhodes raised from the sea, i. 30.
Rhodians, maritime code of, i. 45.
Richard I. of England treacherously
imprisoned, ii. 25.

Richard I. of England, his treatment
by Saladin contrasted with that
he received from a Christian
prince, ii. 136.

Rienzi, a demagogue, ii. 95.
Rig Veda, asserted to have been re-
vealed by Brahma, i. 58.
"Robber Synod," the council of Ephe-
sus, i. 297.

Roderic, King of the Goths, ii. 28.
Roderigo de Triana, the first of
Columbus's crew to descry land,
ii. 163.

Roman power, influence of, i. 52.
Christianity, influence of, on the
people, i. 241.

History, importance of, i. 242.
Power, triple form of, i. 243.
First theocracy and legends, i. 243.
History, early, i. 243.

Slave laws, atrocity of, i. 249.
Slave system, social effects of, i. 249.
Depravity, i. 252.

Women, their dissoluteness, i. 253.
Ethnical element disappears, i. 255.
Conquest, effects of, i. 256.
Rome, cause of permanence of, i. 11.
Unpitying tyranny of, i. 267.

Fall and sack of, by Alaric, i. 300.
Fall and pillage of, by the Vandals,
i. 350.

-Progress of, to Papal supremacy, i.
352.

Relations of, to Constantinople, i.
353.

Three pressures upon, ii. 1.
Pillaged, sacked, and fired by
Henry, ii. 20.

Immoralities of, brought to light
by the Crusades, ii. 136.
Its geological peculiarities, ii. 307.
Romer, his estimate of the velocity of

light confirmed, ii. 299.
Koscelin of Compiègne, an early
advocate of Nominalism, ii. 11.
Ruysch improves minute anatomy, ii.
286.

Sacramentarians, separate from the
Lutherans, ii. 211.

Sahara Desert affects the distribution
of heat in Europe, i. 24.

Saladin retakes Jerusalem, ii. 25.
His noble behaviour to Richard I.,
ii. 136.
Salamanca, Columbus confuted by the
Council of, ii. 161.

Council of, its reply when urged
to teach physical science, ii.

278.

Sampson, Agnes, burnt for witch-
craft, ii. 117.

Samuel, an accomplished Jewish phy-
sician, i. 400.

Sanctorio lays the foundation of
modern physiology, ii. 285.
Invents the thermometer, ii. 390.
Sanscrit vocabulary, i. 33.
Saracens, their policy, i. 336.

Cause of their check in the conquest

of France, i. 369.

Are taught by the Nestorians and
Jews, i. 384.

They dominate in the Mediter
ranean, i. 422.

Their chemistry, medicine, and
surgery, ii. 39.

Their philosophy, ii. 49.

Early cultivators of astronomy, ii.
133.

Sardica, Council of, i. 292.

Satan, notion of, had become debased,
i. 414.

Sautree, William, the first English
martyr, ii. 99.

Saviour, in Koran never called Son
of God, i. 342.

Model of, eventually received, i

361.

Scandinavian geological motion, i
30.

Discovery of America, fi. 164, 175.
Sceptics, rise of, 1. 163.
Schism, causes of the great, ii. 96.
Scholastic philosophy, rise of, ii. 11.

Theology, rise of, ii. 12.

Schools, philosophical Greek, merely
points of reunion, i. 112.
The Megaric, Cyrenaic, and
Cynical, i. 148.

Science, Alexandrian, suppressed, i.
325.

Sculpture, relation of Church to, i.
360.

Sea of Azof, a dependency of the
Mediterranean, i. 28.

Seasons, effect of, on animals and
plants, i. 6.

Sebastian de Elcano, the Lieutenant
of Magellan, ii. 173.
Secular geological movement of
Europe and Asia, i. 29.
Inequalities of satellites, ii. 277.
Semicircular canals, their function,
i. 5.

Seneca, the influence of his writings
accounted for, i. 258.

Sens, Council of, report of, to Rome,
ii. 11.

Sensation, Democritus confounds it
with thought, i. 125.
Senses, Algazzali's doctrine of the
fallibility of, ii. 50.
Septuagint Bible, the translators of,
entertained by Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, i. 190.

Serapion, causes of its umbrage to
Archbishop Theophilus, i. 318.
Destruction of, i. 319.

Serapis, establishment of the worship
of, i. 187.

Description of the temple of, i.
318.

Statue of, destroyed, i. 319.

Temple of, used for a hospital, i.

399.
Servetus, the burning of, by Calvin,
ii. 226.

Almost detected the circulation of

the blood, ii. 285.

Servile rebellion in Sicily, i. 247.
Seville, tower of, an observatory

built by the Arabs, ii. 42.
Shakespeare, quotation from, i. 207.
His position with regard to English
literature, ii. 249.

Shepherds, the, their exertions in

behalf of King Louis, ii. 76.
Shiites, one of the seventy-three
Mohammedan sects, i. 347.

Sigismund, Emperor, his treacherous
conduct to John Huss, ii. 101.
Silver, its comparative value in Rome,
i. 251.
Simon Magus, an Oriental magician,
wonders related of, ii. 114.
Simony, organization of, ii. 97.
Sirius, its supposed influence on the
waters of the Nile, i. 90.
Slave system, Roman, i. 249.
Slavery under Charlemagne, i. 373.
Recognized in certain cases in
Mexico, ii. 176.

Slavians converted by Greek mission-
aries, i. 367.

Smyrna, Erasistratus established a
school there, i. 399.

Snow, distribution of, in Europe, i.
26.

Snowy days, number of, at various
places, i. 26.

Social war, important results of, i.
247.

Eminence, no preservative from so-
cial delusion, ii. 117.

Society, the intellectual class the true
representative of a community,
i. 13.

Sociology, comparative, ii. 359.
Socrates, Aristophanes excites the
people against, i. 47.

His mode of teaching, and his
doctrines, i. 143.

Character of, in Athens, i. 146.
"The Mad," i. 150.

Solar system proves the existence of
law, i. 4.

Soliman the Magnificent takes Bel-
grade, ii. 109.

Sonnites, one of the seventy-three
Mohammedan sects, i. 347.
Sopater accused of magic, and decapi
tated, i. 310.

Sophists, their doctrines, i. 135.
Their influence, i. 220.

Sorcery, intermingling of magic and,
i. 402.

Introduction of European, ii. 115.
Soul, Indian ideas of the, i. 60.
Purification of, i. 61.