The close identity of the Pehlvi words Kadi and Hurkadi with the ΚΩΔΗΣ and ΥΡΚΩΔΗΣ of the “Kodes” Bactrian coins, which the present examples of Vologeses's money bring prominently under notice, invites an examination of the apparent connexion of the titles and a possible revision of the interpretation lately suggested for the Greek counterpart.14 The survival of these seemingly synonymous terms over some six or seven centuries points suggestively to the fixed ideas and permanence of local usage. There appears to be but little doubt that the title of Kadi, whatever its primary application or verbal root, was used in early Persian parlance for both "God" and "King,"15 while the prefix of Hur, "fire," "light," etc., associates the normal title with the less reformed phases of primitive Fire-worship. In concert with this new Sassanian adjunct of Húr, the accompanying

14 Num. Chron., iv. 210, and x. 158; J.R.A.S., iv. (N.s.) 517. 15 See Khodáhán's (la) Mas'audí, ii. 237; p. 228, etc.; Ibn Khordádbah, Journal Asiatique, 1865, p. 40,

خداي نامه etc. Hamzah Isfahani,بخارا خداه, ختلان خداه

i.e. Shah Námah, etc, pp. 11, 16, 47, 37, etc. See also a curious (jumbled) passage, p 37 etc. Mohl, Shah Námah, preface, p. 10; Fox Talbot, J.R.A.S. iii. 34.

; primus, Villers کد .etc قدسجان 37

16

device is marked by the innovation of the "sacred flame" ascending from the king's shoulder; a symbol held in common with some of the earlier sub-Hellenic branches of the Kodes class, where the humeral light is equally distinct, and whose embodiment is fitfully preserved on the provincial coinages until it appears in final community with, so to say, modern Hindi characters on the most debased types of the Indo-Sassanian currencies. 17 The full legends on the Kodes coins are as follows: Kwa.r ΟΙ ΥΡΚΟΔΟΥ on the obverse, with ΟΡΔΗΘΡΟΥ ΜΑΚΑΡΟΥ (sic) on the reverse; the purport of which, as tested by the Sassanian counterpart, may be freely rendered as "(Coin) of the King, or Fire king of the sacred great fire,” alluding possibly to the celebrated Pyræum of Seistán, which was traditionally held as third in the order of veneration among the ancient Altars of the primæval faith: 18—an identification which receives curious support from the designation of "Kuddeh," preserved to this day as the name of a portion of the revered site.19

Κουάν, Καβάδης, Armenian ΚΑΤΑΤ. A.D. 490–530 (?). No. 70. Pl. vi. fig. 3. (Longpérier, x. 1, 2; Mordtmann, viii. 85; Dorn, xvii. 1-15, and xix. 16-20.)

Obv.-Head of the king, with the tiara officially recognized. A star and a crescent are introduced, for the first time, on the field.

Legend, reading from the inside,

2\S=Kúát.

16 Ariana Antiqua, ix. fig. 3; Num. Chron. x. 158; Prinsep's Essays, Pl. xiii. 11, 12.

17 Ariana Antiqua, xvi. 19.

18

“Un troisième temple, nommé Kerakarkán (var.

etc., etc.) fut bâti, dans le Sedjestán, par Bahman fils d'Isfendiar, fils de Youstasf." Mas'audi, iv. pp. 73, 462.

19 Edward Conolly, J.A.S. Bengal, 1849, p. 587; Malcolm, i. 262.

231

Rev.-Fire-altar, with star and crescent above the flame: the insertion of the king's head below the capital

of the pedestal is discontinued.

.15 = پنچ ده = 10 وند ,Legend : Left

Right,

= Ai. (Mint).

I

The legend to the left on these repetition of the name of the king.

coins usually consists of a

The dates observed range from 11 to 15 (Dorn, xix. 16-21). An innovation is to be noticed in these mintages in the addition of the extra-marginal stars and crescents. These continue more or less constant throughout the remaining Sassanian period, and are finally accepted as part of the standard device by the Arabs.

No. 71. Pl. vi. fig. 5. (Longpérier, x. 3; Dorn, xix. 21–30; xx. 31-45; xxi. 46-61.)

Obv.-King's head slightly varied.

Legend reading from the outside.

20 32
32

Kuật Afz.

Rev.-Fire-altar as above.

Legends: Left, 29 19 = Law (w, Sa Sih, 33.

Right,

9, No. 38.

The ascertained and proved dates of the reign on these coins extend, in nearly unbroken order, from 16 up to 43.

This is the first occasion of the introduction of the word Afsui, which afterwards, under various forms, becomes an almost constant adjunct on the obverse dies. The whole series of gradations of this invocation 21 are derived from the verb

20 In some of M. de Bartholomæi's best specimens this word

clearly reads 12 Sμ¿l, Nos. 24–29, pl. xix.

21 Olshausen has already expressed an opinion that the ordinary Afsúd of the coins should be taken in some such sense; cor

Afzúdan, "to increase," whence
whence we have Afzúni,

"increase," "abundance," Afzún, "more," "greater," and Afzúd, "increase," which is the form finally adopted on the currency.22

the later

NEW MINTS OF KOBÁD, in addition to the earlier Mints of Firoz, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10-12-14, 15, 16, 17

20-22, 23, 24, 25, which recur on his coinage.

Obv. - Head of king, with the conventional head-dress varying slightly in the minor details from his coins of later date (Fig. 9). Three simple

crescents in the margin, with the omission of the associate stars of his predecessors.

responding with the &

(Num. Chron., p. 48), "May his kingdom endure," etc. The position of the adjunct to Kobád's name certainly favours this explanation. We have also in the mixed dialects, J,j súd, oɩj zíád, ¿l ol; “May God increase." And finally there is a very curious coincidence in the use of the

term 951) Se, Afzúnik, as a title of Ormazd. (Spiegel, 359.)

23 See parallel in Arab Series"increase," etc., from

Barakat, “a blessing,” "to bow, to bend the knee."

Legend.—39222 (13), variant

22 Hüslüdi

and Húslúi for Khusrúi, either of which termina

tions may be used to form the genitive.

Rev.-Fire-altar and supporters, star and crescent, etc.

Legend.—1) Så j3) Afzún and 32 220 Húslúi.

Rev.-Altar, etc.

Legends.—19

Mint = Lad, No. 20.

Dúách si, i.e. 32.

No. 74. Gold. Longpérier, pl. x. 4. Ker Porter, lviii. 10. Bartholomæi, xxiv. 45.

Obv.-Head of king to the front, full face, simple sideturreted crown with a low cap, having one halfmoon on the band directly over the forehead, and the ordinary crescent with narrow Sassanian fillets surmounting the whole head-dress; close beard, with the hair of the head arranged in masses on each side, two stars above the crown, and two crescents over the shoulders, with star and crescent on the dress in front of each shoulder; necklace with three drops.

Legend.-Left, Se Afzún.

Khusludi.

.Ehashidi هو سلودي = ندردرود ,Right هوسلودي

Rev.-The king standing to the front, his hands rest upon

the hilt of his straight sword. Crown, etc., as on

the obverse, with flowing fillets; star and crescent on each side of the head.