casioned greater complaints than their neighbours the Dutch had done before them. They instituted courts without juries, and exercised an absolute sovereignty, wholly incompatible with that civil liberty that prevailed in those colonies; but when they were recalled, Colonel Nichols conducted the affairs of the colony with wisdom, prudence, and justice, which gave general satisfaction. At this time commenced the settlement of South-Carolina, as will be considered in its place. George Carteret was commissioned to reduce Fort Orange, which lay about 170 miles up the river; this he soon effected, and at the same time, held a conference, and settled a treaty with the Five Nations, which proved of lasting advantage to the colony.' Robert Carr was commissioned at the same time to subdue the country on Delaware, or South River, and he reduced both the Dutch and Swedes to subjection, by the first of October; and thus the whole of New Netherlands were subdued to the Crown of England in less than two months, 1664. Gov. Stuyvesant continued in the colony, where he lived in affluence, and died much respected. The Dutch settlers all remained in the colony and became useful and valuable citizens, and are much respected to this day. The town of New-Amsterdam from this time took the name of New-York.

[See the articles in the appendix marked B. at the end of the Vol.]

CHAPTER V.

CAROLINA CONTINUED.-RISE AND PROGRESS OF CAROLINA,, CONTINUED FROM THE SECOND CHARTER OF 1663, TO THE

TIME OF THE REBELLION.

We have traced the rise and progress of the colony of North-Carolina, through a period of sixty or seventy years, and marked a succession of events, hardly to be paralleled, in point of scenes of adversity, on the page of history. This little colony, or rather little colonies, struggled with almost every possible adversity, in order to obtain two solitary settlements, in all that time; one of these was upon the waters of Albemarle, and the other a colony from Massachusetts that settled upon Charles River, near the south side of Clarendon River, and now called Old Town. Sir Wm. Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, superintended these settlements; formed counties for them, and regulated their affairs. Sir William visited the settlements, appointed Drummond their governor, and assisted them in making laws, which were sent to England for the approbation of the proprietors.

Pleased with the settlement of the colony from NewEngland, at Old Town, the proprietors published a declaration" that all actual settlers should receive gratuities in lands, directly according to the number of each family; that they should be free from all customs, according to the charter; that they should present thirteen persons to the proprietors, who were to choose a governor and council of six, out of that number; but that the choice should vest in the people as soon as they became sufficiently numerous ; and that they should make laws, if they were not repugnant to the laws of England; which laws should be in force, unless disapproved by the proprietors." The design of this

declaration was, to induce other settlers to come in from

New-England.

About this time, the Indians drove off the settlers at Old Town, because they had shipped off several Indian children, under a pretence of educating them at the northward. This outrage upon their feelings, as well as their rights, roused the indignation of the savages; they commenced general depredations upon the settlement, killed or drove off their cattle, and threatened them with destruction, which caused them to abandon their settlement; but they alledged the barrenness of the soil as the true reason, which was sufficient to prevent other settlers from New-England. Soon after the removal of this colony, another from Barbadoes came on to the coast in quest of a settlement, touched at Old Town, and proceeded up the river, made some large purchases of the Indians, and by a liberal encouragement from the proprietors, returned, and commenced a settlement at Old Town, 1665, and began the province of Clarendon, upon the same constitution as that of Albe-marl. Sir John Yeamins was appointed their governor. This gentleman was created a baronet, to reward him for the services and sufferings of his father, in the civil war of Charles I. This colony entered with spirit into their labours; resolved to build up their colony, and render it prosperous, they promised one hundred acres of land to every settler that would join them before the last of March, 1667, and one hundred for each of his men-servants, and also for his children. Also fifty acres for each female servant and slave, provided he came furnished with a good musket, ten pounds of powder, twenty pounds of lead, and six months provisions. Each male servant, when free, was promised one hundred acres of land, two suits of clothes, and the tools necessary for his trade. This colony chose their own governors as a special privilege, and their governors continued in office three years. Such was the sterility of

the soil upon which this colony settled, that they subsisted almost entirely by the lumber trade, with the West-Indies, and the colony, although they were at peace with the Indians, did not exceed eight hundred souls in 1666.

In the year 1667, the county of Albemarl convened the first legislative council that had been assembled in Carolina; the people had lived without law, or law-suits, being free from debt. They hardly knew the use of money, being not only free from debt, but from taxes; the settlers began to complain that their bounty lands were not so great as in Clarendon county, being only fifty acres, and the conditions more difficult than in Virginia ; therefore the assembly petitioned the proprietors for more indulgence, and to be placed upon the same footing-as in Virginia; this the proprietors granted, by what was then called the great deed, or charter, which was satisfactory.

In 1669, the proprietors fitted out a vessel under the command of Capt. Seal, who explored the coast to the south, and was driven in a storm among the Bahama Islands, and on his return described certain rivers on the coast of Carolina, that induced the proprietors to fit out two vessels, with adventurers, tools, &c. to plant a colony, and appointed Capt. Seal their governor. Governor Seal planted his colony at Port-Royal, erected it into a county,' which extended from Cape Roman southerly, and called it Carteret. Thus three distinct governments were now formed in Carolina.

It was now contemplated by the lords proprietors, that the colony would soon be settled by a numerous and powerful people; they began to turn their attention to some permanent form of government. Their avowed object was, "to make the government of Carolina agree, as nearly as possible, with the monarchy of which it was a part, and to avoid erecting a numerous democracy." Lord Ashley, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, at the request of the lords

proprietors, obtained from Mr. John Locke, the celebrated philosopher and metaphysician, the following form or system of government, for the colony of Carolina.

CONSTITUTION.

CAROLINA shall be divided into counties; each county shall consist of eight signiories, eight baronies, and four precincts. Each precinct shall consist of six colonies. Each signiory, barony, or colony, shall consist of twelve thousand acres. The signiories shall be annexed unalienably to the proprietors; the baronies to the nobility; and the precincts, being three fifths of the whole, shall remain to the people.

Any proprietor before the year 1701, may sell his proprietorship and signiories; but not afterwards.

There shall be two orders of nobility chosen by the proprietors, viz. Landgraves and Caziques.

There shall be as many Landgraves as counties, and twice as many Caziques.

Each Landgrave shall hold four baronies, and each Cazique two baronies.

Each Landgrave or Cazique before the year 1701, may alienate his dignity, with all the baronies annexed, not afterwards; they shall necessarily descend from that period to his heir; but he may sell or let two thirds of his land, for a term not, exceeding three lives, or thirty-one years.

There may be manors to consist of not less than three thousand acres, nor more than twelve, in one tract or colony.

The lord of every signiory, barony, or manor, shall have the power of holding court-leet, for trying causes, civil or criminal, with appeal to the precinct or county court.

No leet-man shall move from the land of his lord. without permission.