and three thousand seven hundred and fifty tons of hay, were procured for their forage. As this valley had been largely drawn upon during the summer and fall months of the year, it was feared that the encampment of such a large number of men and animals as composed McCulloch's force might distress the inhabitants. The campaign in Kansas was not carried out, and early in the spring Gen. McCulloch was driven out by the Federal force. ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. At the time of the attack on Fort Sumter, the entire military force at the disposal of the Government was 16,006 regulars. They were principally employed in the West to hold in check marauding Indians. It has always been the policy of the Government to maintain the army at the lowest number of privates which was practicable consistent with the interests of the country, and to rely upon volunteers whenever any emergency should arise. The effect of this policy was to place the forts and arsenals in seceding States in such a condition as to be entirely unprepared to make any defence when assaulted, even by armed citizens disposed to seize them. The nucleus of an army was always preserved by the education of officers at the military institution at West Point. The wisdom of this policy is now more severely tested than ever before. The call of the President for troops for three months, in his proclamation of April 15th, asked for 75,000 men. This call amounted, in the aggregate, to ninety-four regiments, making 73,391, officers and inen. Of the States called upon, the Governors of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Missouri peremptorily refused to comply with the requirements made by the War Department. All the other non-seceding States promptly furnished the number required of them, except Maryland, whose Governor was prevented from so doing by the outbreak at Baltimore. The quota for each State under this call was as follows: 2,340 1,560 3,123 780 3,123 6 1 numbers twelve organized regiments. The citi zens of the District of Columbia furnished no less than 2,813, officers and men, making in all four regiments. It was ordered that each regiment should consist of an aggregate of 780, officers and men. This was at a future day changed. Under the above-mentioned call the Government_received, and had in service on the 1st of July, 77,875 men. These troops were infantry or riflemen. On the 4th of May a second proclamation was issued by the President, calling for volunteers to serve during the war. So patriotic and enthusiastic were the people in favor of preserving the Union, that, under this call, two hundred and eight regiments had been accepted by July 1st. A number of other regiments were also accepted, on condition of being ready to be mustered into service within a specified time. All of those regiments accepted under this call were infantry and riflemen, with the exception of two battalions of artillery and four regiments of cavalry. Many regiments, mustered as infantry, had attached to them one or more artillery companies; and there were also some regiments partly made up of companies of cavalry. Of the two hundred and eight regiments above mentioned, one hundred and fiftythree were in active service on the 1st of July, and the remaining fifty-five within twenty days afterwards. The total force in the field on July 1st, was computed as follows: Regulars and volunteers for three months Add to this 55 regiments of volunteers for 50,000 Add new regiments of regular army. 25,000 232,875 75,000 307,875 77,875 230,000 Of this force, 188,000 men were volunteers, and 42,000 men computed for the regular army. The proclamation of the President of May 4th also called for an increase of the regular army. This increase consisted of one regiment of cavalry of twelve companies, numbering, in 4,683 4,683 the maximum aggregate, 1,189, officers and men; one regiment of artillery of twelve batteries, of six pieces each, numbering, in the maximum aggregate, 1,909, officers and men; nine regiments of infantry, each regiment containing three battalions of eight companies each, numbering, in the maximum aggregate, 2,452, officers and men, making a maximum increase of infantry of 22,068, officers and men. Pennsylvania. 16 12,500 Michigan. 780 Delaware..... 1 780 Iowa.... 1 780 Tennessee.... 2 1,560 Minnesota.... 1 780 Maryland..... 4 3,123 Wisconsin.... 1 780 The remainder, to constitute the 75,000 men, was composed of troops in the District of Columbia. Notwithstanding the positive refusal of the Governors of Virginia and Missouri to coöperate with the Government, patriotic citizens voluntarily united together and organized regiments for the Government service. Virginia furnished a regiment, and Missouri raised a force of 11,445, officers and men, making in round The system adopted for the organization of the volunteers was different from the one which had existed in the regular army. The French regimental system of three battalions to a regiment was adopted. The appropriations asked of Congress at its By an act of Congress of July 22d, the States were asked to furnish 500,000 volunteers to serve for three years, or during the war; and by an act approved July 29th, the addition of 25,000 men to the regular army was authorized. At the same session, five hundred millions of dollars were appropriated for the support of the army. The enlistment and organization of troops were entered upon with great activity and warm popular approbation during the ensuing three months, when it was restricted. Many circumstances aided the enlistment. The cause of the Union was approved by every one; a general stagnation or inactivity pervaded all industrial pursuits, and multitudes were partially or wholly unemployed, and the wages offered to the soldier were extremely liberal. The pay offered to privates by the United States was $13 per month, and a bounty of 100 acres of land at the close of the war. In addition, many of the States gave to each married citizen volunteer about one dollar per week for his wife, and in proportion for each child of his family between certain ages. Where such a sum was not given to the family of the private by the State, it was in numerous instances bestowed by the city or town in which he lived. The clothing furnished to the private by the Government, is one uniform hat each year, price $1; one forage cap each year, price 57 cents; one uniform coat each year, price $6 56; three pair of trowsers the first year, two the second, and three the third, price $2 82 per pair; two sack coats each year, price each $2 10; three flannel shirts each year, price 90 cents each; one overcoat in five years, price $6 40; three pairs of drawers the first year, two every other year, price 71 cents each pair; four pair of brogans each year, price $2 20 per pair; two blankets in five years, price $2 44 each. A variety of other articles are supplied, but these are the chief. To encourage economy and cleanliness among the troops, every article not drawn according to the allowance will be paid for to the soldier. For the ration, or amount and variety of food furnished to privates by the Government, see RATION. The pay of officers was on an equally liberal scale; and civilians in profitable, social positions, as well as those in no position, aspired, Illinois... Michigan Minnesota.. ........ ............ .............. Vermont.. Volunteers for the War. 4,608 12,400 ...... 2,000 80,000 57,332 19,800 15,000 14,239 7,000 26,760 28,550 4,160 22,130 9,600 9,342 100,200 81,205 Estimated strength of the regular army, including the new enlistments under act of Congress of July 29, 1861................... Total...... of 500,000 men. Some portion was to cover deficiencies arising from an excess of force in the field over the estimate for the previous six months. The great mass of this force was calculated to operate in Virginia and in the West. Detachments were engaged elsewhere. That portion engaged in Virginia it was expected to subsist by supplies drawn chiefly from the cities of New York and Baltimore. That portion in the West would be supplied from St. Louis and the cities on the Ohio River. It is not possible to obtain the details of stores required for a military force until a campaign has closed, and the accounts of an army are made up by the respective officers. Some facts representing the unparalleled magnitude of these operations are of interest. At the very extensive warehouses occupied by the Government at Washington, there were on hand, on the 12th of October, an amount of stores represented by the following figures: Pork, 3,000 barrels; beef, 6,000 barrels; beef tongues, 200 barrels; bacon, 300,000 pounds; hams, 50,000 pounds; flour, 11,000 barrels; hard bread, 3,000,000 pounds; beans, 4,000 bushels; rice, 1,000 pounds; hominy, 10,000 pounds; riced barley, 20,000 pounds; green coffee, 20,000 pounds; ground coffee, 40,000 pounds; tea, 1,000 pounds; sugar, 2,000,000 pounds; vinegar, 70,000 gallons; candles, 40,000 pounds; soap, 200,000 pounds; salt, 40,000 bushels; desiccated potatoes, 2,000 pounds; desiccated mixed vegetables, 17,000 pounds; pickles, 278 kegs; dried apples, 50,000 pounds; split peas, 4,000 bushels; molasses, 6,000 gallons; potatoes, 4,000 bushels. The receipts at these warehouses, for the week ending the 12th of October, were as follows: 1,000 barrels of pork; 2,000 barrels of beef; 1,850 barrels of tongues; 76,000 pounds of bacon; 300 barrels flour; 850,000 pounds hard bread; 3,500 bushels beans; 34,000 pounds rice; 500 bushels hominy; 20,000 pounds riced barley; 150,000 pounds roasted and ground coffee; 100,000 pounds green coffee; 2,000 pounds tea; 750,000 pounds sugar; 9,000 gallons vinegar; 34,000 pounds candles; 80,000 pounds soap; 8,000 pounds desiccated potatoes; 10,000 pounds mixed vegetables; 30,000 pounds dried apples; 1,000 bushels split peas; 3,000 bushels potatoes; 5,000 gallons molasses. For the previous three weeks the issues had been about equal to the receipts. The following shows the prices paid by the Government for the specified articles: Pork, $19 per barrel; beef, $15 per barrel; beef tongues, $16 per barrel; bacon, 10 cents per pound; hams, 12 cents per pound; flour, $7 50 per barrel; hard bread, 4 cents per pound; beans, $2 per bushel; rice, 7 cents per pound; hominy, 2 cents per pound; riced barley, 43 cents per pound; ground coffee, 20 cents per pound; green coffee, 14 cents per pound; tea, 50 cents per pound; sugar, 8 cents per pound; vinegar, 12 cents per gal lons; candles, 26 cents per pound; soap, 6 cents per pound; salt, 5 cents per pound; desiccated potatoes, 11 cents per pound; desiccated mixed vegetables, 24 cents per pound; pickle, $3 75 per keg; dried applies, 5 cents per pound; split peas, $2 per bushel; molasses, 32 cents per gallon; potatoes, 60 cents per bushel. When the necessity of a bakery became apparent, one was constructed in the exterior vaults of the Capitol, under the supervision of Lieut. Cate. From these ovens at least 50,000 loaves were sent out daily, during the winter, to the troops around Washington. Infantry Arms.-On the commencement of the war the United States Government found itself scantily supplied with small-arms, the armories in the Northern States having been in great part stripped, and the arms removed to the Southern States. (See CONFEDERATE States.) The chief dependence for the supply of muskets was upon the Springfield armory and that at Harper's Ferry. The capacity of the few private armories was only a few thousand muskets annually; and on the destruction of the arsenal and armory at Harper's Ferry on the 19th of April, 1861, together with 15,000 muskets, to prevent their falling into the hands of the Confederates, the resources of the Government were seriously diminished. It was, no doubt, the want of arms that limited the call of the President for volunteers, on the 15th of April, to 75,000 men; and until muskets could be imported from Europe many regiments were detained in their camps in the different States. Orders were sent abroad by the Governors of States, and many arms were imported at high prices, although inferior, most of them very much so, to those of American manufacture. The Springfield armory, the capacity of which was rated at only about 25,000 muskets annually, was enlarged as rapidly as possible, and its production, assisted by outside machine shops, was brought up at the close of the year to about 8,000 muskets per month, and has since been increased to about 15,000 a month. These are rifled with three grooves, making one-half turn in the length of a barrel of 40 inches. The bore is 0.58 inch in diameter, and the projec tile used is a hollow base cylindro-conical shot of lead. Including the bayonet, ramrod, and other appendages, the number of pieces belong. ing to the musket are 84 in number, 26 of which are of steel, 2 of wood, and the remain. der of iron. All of them are made by machinery, and in all the guns the corresponding pieces are so precisely alike that they may be used indiscriminately, and, in case of damage, the injured parts may be replaced without any difficulty as to their fitting. By this system, which is purely American, the arms are made of uniform excellence, and are unsurpassed_by any produced by the best armories in Europe. Their estimated cost, from the official reports, is $13 25 each for the gun alone, and $1 68 for appendages, making a total of $14 93. This, however, allows nothing for the general expenses, as salaries, interest upon the heavy cost of the establishments, etc. The barrels are made of the best kind of wrought-iron bars, each 14 inches long, 5 inches wide, and of an inch thick. These are rolled with bevelled edges, so as to make a perfect joint when they are turned over to form a tube. This is effected by passing them at a high heat through a succession of grooves in the curving rolls, each groove gradually bringing the bar nearer to the cylindrical form. The edges are brought together and welded in a machine, which also elongates the barrel. The machine is provided with 8 grooves, of decreasing sizes, through which the barrel is passed in succession, being kept in shape by a mandrel thrust through the barrel, and changed for a smaller one with each decreasing groove. After this, the barrel, without a mandrel rod, is passed through the finish. ing groove twice, to render it smooth and cylindrical. The straightening, which is the next operation, is effected in large dies of the same length as the barrel, into which this is gradually forced by the pressure given by an eccentric movement. The next operation is what is called coneseating, which is fixing and welding the seat for the nipple for a percussion cap. This is done by the action of tilt hammers. The polishing of the barrel is done by emery wheels, run by steam or water power. The manufacture of the nipples is one of the most difficult parts of the work, as the steel of which they are made has to be brought to the exact degree of hardness by tempering, adapted for receiving the concussion of the hammer without being either broken or flattened by the blow the former effect resulting from too great, and the latter from too little hardness: The locks are extremely simple in their construction, while at the same time they are of the greatest efficiency. They contain but two springs, which are made of the best English cast steel. The other parts are of the best Norway iron, costing sometimes to import $215 per ton. The lock-plate, like most of the smaller pieces of the gun-as the guards, triggers, etc.-is cut out at once of proper shape in a die, and the finishing is effected by a chisel, the movements of which are exactly regulated by machinery to the shape of the piece, so that it is not even necessary to use the file. The stocks are made of black walnut, well seasoned, and sawed into blocks, with rectangular edges, of the general shape of the stock. The shaping of them, and excavating the grooves for the barrel and ramrod, the screw-holes, and the receptacles for the lock and butt-plate, are all effected by machines of extraordinary ingenuity, developed from the principle of the lathe invented several years ago by Mr. Thomas Blanchard, of Massachusetts. Of these machines, some of which are also employed in shaping the outside of the barrel, as many as thirteen, each having its separate work to perform, are required for the completion of the gun. An exact pattern in iron of the object to be produced regulates in its rotation the action of the cutters, planes, drills, etc., which excavate in the block depressions corresponding precisely to those of the pattern. The operation of the machines is wonderfully rapid, and so exact that the lock, mountings, etc., are found to fit precisely in their places, with their edges exactly flush with the wood. These machines are among the most expensive of those employed in the gun manufacture. All parts of the gun are subjected to rigid tests of gauge and inspection throughout the different processes, and the barrels are twice proved by firing with 360 and 240 grs. of powder, with an ovate ball double the weight of the service ball. Only about one gun in 100 or 150 is injured. The service charge is 60 grs. of powder, and the conoidal bullet weighs 500 grs. The final process for completing the gun is the rifling. The bayonets and ramrods also are made of the best English cast steel, and especial care is taken to give the former the exact temper adapted to them. Similar rifles have been supplied to the Government for many years from the Whitney Armory, near New Haven, and other private establishments. Of the foreign arms imported the best are the Enfield rifles, made at the Government armory at Enfield, England, upon the same system as the American rifle, and with machinery, the models of which were obtained from the Springfield armory. In size these differ little from the Springfield muskets. The barrel is 3 ft. 3 in. long, and its bore of precisely 0.5777 inch. It weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz., and the whole piece, with the bayonet, 9 lbs. 3 oz. The bullet is of pure lead, compressed in dies, and is 1.05 inch long and 0.55 inch diameter; weighs 520 grains. The rifles are sighted to 900 yards. Many arms have also been imported from Prussia, of the kind known by the Germans as Zündnadelgewehr, or darting needle guns, with which all the armies of Prussia are armed. It is a peculiar breech-loading rifle, having a slide for the reception of the cartridge, which is introduced on its upper side when this slide is drawn out from the breech end of the barrel by its stout handle. It is then pushed forward into the barrel, and is secured by a catch. The firing is effected by the sudden release of a steel needle, which enters through a hole in the centre of the rear end of the slide, and, passing through the powder, strikes a fulminating composition contained in the base of the conical bullet. This rifle has found little favor with the American War Department, and all the muskets have been altered to muzzle-loading and percussion locks. The objections are: the liability of the pieces to become foul, in which state they are difficult to charge; and of the cartridges to explode in store, from their containing both the powder and the detonating compound. Breech-loading arms, of which a great variety have been invented, are not approved for general use so highly as the old form; and the United States Government, in their contracts for muskets made with private parties, in 1861, requires that all shall be made of the Springfield pattern, with all their parts interchangeable with these. The impending danger of a foreign war near the close of the year, together with the urgent necessities of the country, rendered it the part of prudence for the Government to adopt extraordinary measures for receiving supplies of arms. Every year the waste by loss and deterioration is estimated at 33 per cent. of all in use; and with European Governments it is found expedient to keep the arsenals stocked with at least as many as are in the hands of the army. Consequently the War Department at that time issued proposals for the manufacture of large numbers of muskets in separate contracts of 25,000, 30,000, 50,000, etc., each, as well to meet immediate demands as to be prepared for extraordinary and unforeseen future emergencies. The consequence of this will soon be the establishment of private armories adequate to the supply of all the arms that can be required for the country. The price of these is $20 each, the minimum sum offered in response to previous proposals presented by the Government. The price paid for the inferior foreign arms imported has varied from $5 to $30 each, the low rates being for old smoothbore muskets of the Prussian and Austrian service, and the higher prices for Enfield rifles. Most of these have been altered to bring them to the great simplicity and efficiency of the American arms. The Maynard, or percussion tape primer, has been dispensed with, and percussion caps are exclusively used. The only arms furnished to the infantry are the simple musket and bayonet, with cartridges prepared for service at the armories. A few companies of sharp-shooters have been furnished with revolver rifles of superior construction, fitted with telescopic sights adapted for execution at long distances. Colt's and Sharp's rifles are selected for this purpose. The former are manufactured at the great establishment of the late Col. Colt, at Hartford, which is unsurpassed in extent and in the perfection of its machinery, and has a capacity to furnish more than 1,000 firearms, including rifles, carbines, and pistols, per day. The principle of Colt's revolvers is well understood to consist in a revolving breech of 6 chambers, which are brought in turn in line with the barrel by each successive working of the lock. Sharp's rifle is a breech-loading and self-priming piece, the barrel made of cast steel bored out. The breech is secured by a sliding cut-off or block of metal, which being drawn down by the guard to which it is attached, exposes a cavity on the upper side extending into the barrel. The cartridge is laid into this, and its rear end is cut off by the edge of the block on pushing this up to its place. The escape of the gases is prevented by a ring, so fitted in the face of the slide and against the end of the barrel, that The when the discharge takes place, this ring is forced closely against the barrel. Flat disks of copper, containing percussion powder, are used for priming, one being shoved forward upon the nipple by the movement of the lock, or percussion caps are used if preferred. rifle was invented by Mr. C. Sharp, of Philadelphia, about the year 1852, and has been manufactured, together with pistols of a similar construction, upon an extensive scale, in the works of C. Sharp & Co., near Fairmount, Phila. The principal establishment for their manufacture at present is that of the "Sharp's Rifle Manufacturing Co.," at Hartford, Conn. All the materials used in their manufacture are made in the buildings, even to the screws that fasten the parts together. Cavalry.-The fire-arms furnished the U. S. cavalry are of no regular pattern. They consist of a revolver, carbine, and pistols, the varieties of which supplied by private armories are very numerous, and soon after the commencement of the war the productions of these were altogether monopolized by the U. S. Government. The carbine is a weapon intermediate between the rifle and pistol in weight and length, is usually breech-loading, and is sometimes furnished with a bayonet in the form of a sword. This has also an ordinary handle, and is carried as a side-arm, for which purpose it is well adapted, having a curved cutting edge as well as a sharp point. Those in common use, and which have been favorably reported upon by boards of officers, are Burnsides', Sharp's, and Maynard's. They are of steel barrels, which taper uniformly from breech to muzzle. The first, invented by Gen. A. E. Burnside, was formerly manufactured at Bristol, R. I., and is now made by Charles Jackson, at Providence, R. I. The chamber of this carbine opens by turning on a hinge; the cartridge is introduced with its case of sheet-brass, which in the explosion packs the joint, and prevents the escape of the gas.. This arm is recommended on account of its strength, its perfectly tight joint, and water-proof cartridges; but it is objected to on account of its cost, and the difficulty of obtaining the cartridges. Sharp's carbines, made by the "Sharp's Rifle Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn., is like the rifle already described: Maynard's carbine, manufactured by the Maynard's Arms Co., Washington, D. C., has a fixed chambered piece, with the joint closed by a metallic cartridge case. Carbines, pistols, and muskets are manufactured to considerable extent for the army, at the works of Messrs. Remington, at Ilion, Herkimer Co., N. Y. Of the repeating pistols issued to the cavalry and to the light artillery, the following are among the most popular: Colt's; Savage's, made at Middletown, Conn.; Smith & Wesson's, made at Springfield, Mass.; Warner's, at New Haven, Conn.; and Allen's, at Worcester, Mass. Savage's pistol, which is a six |