memory of man runneth not to the contrary" -was now silenced, the bugle's signal and drum's tattoo having taken their time-honored place.

Among the appointments made after the military occupation of Alexandria, was that of Provost Judge Freese. In the exercise of his duties it was decided by him that Southern merchants within the Union lines should pay their debts to Northern merchants. The decision was received with much favor in commercial cities at the North, and the business of the Court in which the Judge presided, was rapidly increasing. But this involved a point within the sphere of the civil Government, rather than within the jurisdiction of a Provost-Judge, and instructions were given by the military authorities to their Judge to confine himself to the limits of his military jurisdiction.

ANNAPOLIS, the capital of Maryland, is situated on the right bank of the Severn River, two miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. It is twenty-five miles south by east of Baltimore, and thirty-seven miles east by north of Washington. The Annapolis and Elkridge Branch Railroad connects it with the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, at a spot called the Junction. The United States Naval Academy was established here in 1845. After the attack at Baltimore on the Massachusetts Sixth Regiment, on the 19th of April, the troops then on their way to Washington were brought from Perryville by water, to Annapolis, and thence by railroad to the Junction, thus passing around Baltimore. When the order was sent from Baltimore, amid the exciting scenes of the 19th, to stop the progress of more troops towards that city, General Benjamin F. Butler, with a Massachusetts regiment numbering eight hundred men, then on his way to Washington, stopped at Havre-deGrace, and taking the steam ferry-boat Maryland, reached Annapolis on the morning of the 21st. Governor Hicks sent a protest against the landing of the troops at Annapolis. To this General Butler replied that he would land at the Naval Academy, over which the Federal Government had exclusive jurisdiction. At the same time, the New York Seventh Regiment arrived by another boat from Perryville. There was now no communication by railroad with Washington. Some part of the track between Annapolis and the Junction had been torn up by disaffected inhabitants along the line. The Seventh Regiment proceeded on foot to the Junction, and thence by railroad to Washington. General Butler, with a force from his regiment, took possession of the frigate Constitution,

attached to the Naval School, and removed her beyond the danger of seizure by those sympathizing with the Confederate Govern

ment.

A consultation of officers was held at the Naval School on the 23d, and it was determined that the passage of troops through Maryland to the city of Washington should be conducted in such a manner as to give no cause of offence to the people of the State, and that nothing should be taken without prompt pay. Should the people, however, destroy the bridges, make a hostile attack, or offer any interruption to the troops, it should immediately be resented, and with proper severity.

The officers of the Seventh Regiment of New York conversed freely with the citizens of Annapolis and some from Baltimore, in relation to what they deemed the unexpected and inexplicable course of Maryland. They anticipated no hostile reception in Maryland, where each man claimed to have many intimate personal friends. "If, in the performance of duty," they added, "we shall be compelled to meet our old friends of the Baltimore City Guard and the Richmond Grays in hostile array, we shall return their first fire by presenting arms;, but on the second fire we shall be compelled to defend ourselves."

On the 23d there were over 2,600 troops in the city, and on the same day 8,000 more arrived from New York and Pennsylvania. A detachment of the Massachusetts Volunteers, on the same day, took possession of the railroad leading from Annapolis to Washington and Baltimore. No resistance was offered; as soon as the demand was made, the gates were thrown open to them; and, after placing fifty men on guard, the remainder began to repair the engines and cars which had been disarranged by the company in order to prevent the troops from using them. In a few hours this object was accomplished, and a train run out by an engineer in one of the volunteer companies. Fifty men were detached to proceed in advance and examine the track, which resulted in finding that at various places it had been taken up. The damages were entirely repaired, the track put in working order, and the forwarding of troops and provisions commenced.

After these events the city relapsed into her former quiet condition.

ANTHRACITE. The progress of this trade and the production of the different coal districts are exhibited in the following table. For its history and production previous to 1857, se6 NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA.

ANTIQUITY OF THE HUMAN RACE. Among the interesting subjects that are occupying the attention of geologists is that of the greater antiquity of the human race than the historic period; and new arguments from various sources are brought to sustain this view, some of which will be presented below. The subject was first brought prominently before the public by the discoveries, made by M. Boucher de Perthes, of flints fashioned by hand, found in the drift in the valley of the Somme, in France. The localities have been examined by many distinguished geologists, as Joseph Prestwick, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir Roderick Murchison, and others, most of whom are satisfied, that the conclusions arrived at by M. de Perthes cannot be questioned. Mr. Murchison, in his address before the geological section of the British Association, 1861, not only expresses his full belief "in the commixture in that ancient alluvium of the works of man with the reliquiæ of extinct animals;" but adds his gratification "in learning that England, in several localities, is also affording proofs of similar intermixture." Professor H. D. Rogers, who also examined the localities, while admitting that the flints were really shaped by human agency and are found buried together with bones of extinct mammalia, still questions the fact of the men who left the flints, and of the animals that possessed the bones, having necessarily lived together in the same epoch. Or, admitting that they were contemporaneous, it is not proved that the Elephas primigenius and the other mammals of the diluvium may not have belonged to the historic period. (See his paper in "Blackwood's Magazine" for October, 1860.)

Among other evidences adduced to establish a high antiquity for the human race, are the mounds of shells discovered of late years in numerous places along the coasts of Denmark. These are of vast extent, and contain, mixed up with the shells, broken bones of deer, beaver, wild boar, bos, mus, &c., together with charcoal, fragments of coarse pottery, stone hatchets, arrow-heads, and knives of flint, and various implements and ornaments of horns and bones, all indicating the existence at an unknown and very distant period of savage and populous tribes, of whom no other vestiges nor traditions remain. Bearing upon the same subject, Sir Charles Lyell has called attention to the large Indian mound of similar character at Cannon's Point, on St. Simon's Island, in Georgia. "This covers 10 acres in area, having an average height of 5 feet, and is chiefly composed of cast-away oyster-shells, throughout which arrow-heads, stone axes, and Indian pottery are dispersed." Similar mounds are scattered over the swamps near New Orleans, and their materials were employed by Gen. Joseph Swift, for constructing the foundation of the Lake Pontchartrain Railroad; and by his advice they have since been used for macadamizing the streets of New Orleans, and forming the

shell-roads in its vicinity. The vast extent of these mounds and their evident human origin have perplexed all who have studied them.

A paper was recently read by M. Lartet, before the London Geological Society, "On the Co-existence of Man with certain Extinct Quadrupeds, proved by Fossil Bones from various Pleistocene Deposits bearing incisions made by sharp instruments."

If, says the author, the presence of worked flints in the gravel and sands of the valley of the Somme, have established with certainty the existence of man at the time when those very ancient deposits were formed, the traces of an intentional operation on the bones of Rhinoceros, Aurochs, Megaceros, Cervus somenensis, etc., supply equally the inductive demonstration of the contemporaneity of those species with the human race. M. Lartet points out that the Aurochs, though still existing, was contemporaneous with the Elephas primigenius, and that its remains occur in preglacial deposits; and, indeed, that a great proportion of our living mammifers have been contemporaneous with E. primigenius and R. tichorhinus, the first appearance of which in Western Europe must have been preceded by that of several of our still existing quadrupeds.

The author also remarks, that there is good evidence of changes of level having occurred since man began to occupy Europe and the British Isles, yet they have not amounted to catastrophes so general as to affect the regular succession of organized beings.

Lastly, M. Lartet announced that a flint hatchet and some flint knives had lately been discovered in company with remains of elephant, aurochs, horse, and a feline animal, in the sands of the Parisian suburb of Grenelle, by M. Gosse, of Geneva.

The late discovery of ancient bronze implements near Moskowie, in Bohemia, also bears upon this interesting question. These are coated with successive layers of malachite, the copper derived from the bronze, and evidently very slowly produced. It has even been supposed that these prove that bronze instruments were in use in middle Europe at a period far beyond that of historical research.

Lastly, the "evidence of language" has been adduced to assign to man a high antiquity in the following paper, read before the British Association in 1861, by Mr. Crawfurd:

"The periods usually assigned for man's first appearance on earth, date only from the time when he had already attained such an amount of civilization as to enable him to frame some kind of record of his own career, and take no account of the many ages which must have transpired before he could have attained that power. Among the many facts attesting the high antiquity of man, the formation of language might be adduced, and his object was to give a few of the most striking facts which it yields. Language was not innate, but adventitious. Infants were without language, and

those born deaf were always dumb, for without the sense of hearing there would have been no language at all. Among the unquestionable proofs that language was not innate, was the prodigious number of languages which existed, some being of a very simple and others of a very complex character. If additional evidence were wanted that language was an adventitious acquirement, it was found in this that a whole nation might lose its original tongue, and in its stead adopt any foreign one. The language that had been the vernacular of the Jews for three thousand years had ceased to be so for two thousand years, and the descendants of those who spoke it were now speaking an infinity of foreign tongues, European or Asiatic. Languages which were derived from a single tongue of Italy had superseded the many native languages which were once spoken in Spain, in France, and in Italy itself. A language of German origin had nearly displaced, not only all the native languages of England and Ireland, but the numerous ones of a large portion of America. Some eight millions of negroes were placed in the New World whose forefathers spoke many African tongues. It necessarily followed from this argument that when man first appeared on the earth he was destitute of language, and each separate tribe of men framed a separate one; hence the multitude of tongues. That the framers were arrant savages, was proved by the fact that the rudest tribes ever discovered had already completed the task of forming a perfect language. The languages spoken by the grovelling savages of Australia were so, and were even more artificial and complex in structure than those of many people more advanced. The first rudiments of language would consist of a few articulate sounds by which to make known their wants and wishes; and between that time and their obtaining completeness, probably countless ages had passed, even among the rudest tribes. In every department of language we find evidence of the great antiquity of man. The Egyptians must have attained a large measure of civilization before they had invented symbolic or phonetic writing, and yet these were found on the most ancient of their monuments. The invention of letters had been made at many different points, extending from Italy to China-a clear proof that civilization had many independent sources; but, such was everywhere the antiquity of the invention, that we could hardly in any case tell when or by whom it was made, though made in a hundred separate places. Epochs or eras, depending, as they must necessarily do, on the art of writing, were, of course, of still later origin. They were all, indeed, of comparatively recent origin. The Jews, Egyptians, Assyrians, and Persians had none at all; the Greek epoch dated only 776`and the Roman 753 before Christ. The oldest epoch of the Hindus, made the world, and of course man, up to the present time, 3,872,960 years old.

That was known to be a fable spun from faithless brains. The oldest era of the same people that had an air of authority, that of the Buddha, dates 544 years before Christ. The era of Vikramaditza, of better authenticity, dates but 57 years before Christ; and that of Saka, probably more authentic, only 79 years later than our own. The Chinese mode of reckoning was by cycles of sixty years, making the first year of the first cycle correspond with the year before Christ, 2397. Even this, if it could be relied on, would only carry us back to the time when the Chinese, a people placed, like the Hindus, under very unfavorable circumstances for development, bad already attained a civilization which gave them the power of recording events, while it took no account of the long ages which must have elapsed before. After noticing the structure of various languages, and observing that there were many languages of simple structure, just as primitive as those of complex formation, the writer observed, that it appeared to him the structural character which languages originally assumed, would, in a great measure, be fortuitous, and depend on the whim or fancy of the first rude founders. Adam Smith, and he thought justly, supposed that the first rude attempts would consist in giving names to familiar objects, that is, in forming nouns substantive. Adjectives, or words expressing quality, as of a more abstract nature, would necessarily be of later invention; but verbs must have been nearly coeval with nouns; while pronouns he considered as terms very abstract and metaphysical, and as such not likely to have existed at all in the earlier period of language. Number,' Adam Smith said, 'considered in general, without any relation to any particular set of objects numbered, is one of the most abstract and metaphysical ideas which the mind of man is capable of forming, and consequently is not an idea which would readily occur to rude mortals who were just beginning to form a language.' And the truth of this view of the formation of numbers was corroborated by our observation of rude languages, in which the process seemed, as it were, to be still going on under our eyes. Among the Australian tribes, 'two,' or a pair, made the extent of their numerals. tribes had advanced to count as far as five and ten. Malayan nations had native numerals extending to a thousand. The two hands and the ten fingers seemed to have been the main aids to the formation of the abstractions which Adam Smith considered so subtle; and this would account for our finding the numeral scale sometimes binary, but generally decimal. However great the difficulty of constructing languages, there was no doubt they were all conquered, and that by rude savages; and the Sanscrit language, in all its complexity and perfection of structure, was spoken and written at least three thousand years ago, by men who, compared with their posterity, were certainly barbarians. The discovery of the art of writ

Other

ing implied an advanced state of civilization, the fruit of very long time; and from the sketch he had given of the formation of language, the conclusion was, he thought, inevitable that the birth of man was of vast antiquity."

APPLETON, NATHAN, died at Boston, July 14, 1861. He was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, Oct. 6, 1779, and was the seventh son of Isaac Appleton. At fifteen years of age he was examined and admitted to Dartmouth College. It was decided, however, that he should proceed no further in his collegiate studies. His brother Samuel, who had been in trade in New Ipswich and was about to remove to Boston, proposed that he should accompany him. This was accepted, and as he himself says, "It was determined that I should become a merchant rather than a scholar." His brother commenced business in a small shop in Cornhill; it consisted mostly in purchasing goods at auction and selling them to country traders for cash or short credit, for a small profit. In 1799, his brother made a voyage to Europe, leaving his business in the charge of Nathan. On the return of the former he removed to a warehouse in State street, and proposed to the latter, who had become of age, to be a partner. This was accepted, and Nathan now had at hand opportunities for enlarging his observation and experience. He was sent out to England to purchase goods while Europe was in a state of war. The news of peace reached him on landing, and changed the whole condition and current of trade. He postponed his purchases and travelled on the Continent; shortly afterwards returning to America, and resuming his mercantile career. In 1806 he married Maria Theresa Gold, the eldest daughter of Thomas Gold, of Pittsfield, and for the health of his wife soon crossed the ocean again. In Edinburgh he met Francis C. Lowell at the moment the latter was first conceiving the policy to which the cotton manufacture of New England owes its origin; with him he held an earnest and encouraging consultation in regard to it.

As capital accumulated in his hands, he took a very active part in connection with Francis C. Lowell, Patrick T. Jackson, Paul Moody, and others, in establishing the cotton factory at Waltham, Massachusetts. He says: "When the first loom was ready for trial, many little matters were to be adjusted or overcome before it would work perfectly. Mr. Lowell said to me, that he did not wish me to see it until it was complete, of which he would give me notice. At length the time arrived, and he invited me to go out with him and see the loom operate. I well recollect the state of satisfaction and admiration with which we sat by the hour watching the beautiful movement of this new and wonderful machine, destined, as it evidently was, to change the character of all textile industry." He was also one of the chief associates in the company which made the first

purchases for a like purpose at Lowell. They purchased the water power at Pawtucket Falls, on the Merrimac River, and a large portion of the land adjacent, on which the city of Lowell now stands. He was also the projector and largest proprietor of the Hamilton Company, where new varieties of goods were first inade in this country.

an

On different occasions he was elected a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and in 1830 was chosen a member of the Twentysecond Congress. His first speech was effort to show that South Carolina was the author of the system of minimums, which was only another name for specific duties and a system capable of defence, the tariff being under discussion. He writes: "I took the occasion to state, that we could convert a pound of our cotton into the common cloth we were making, for less money than the British could do. This being a fact well known to me, the statement was made advisedly, wishing the matter to stand on its true basis; but, being so contrary to the general impression, it quite alarmned some of the friends of the protective system, as I learned afterwards. My speech gave a new turn to the debate. It brought up McDuffie and Cambreleng, and the debate occupied the whole day. The vote showed a majority of about twenty in favor of the protective system."

He was a

In 1842 he was again sent to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Robert C. Winthrop in Congress. Though not a frequent debater in Congress, he was listened to with attention. His mind turned to the financial and commercial view of questions. member of the American Academy of Science and Arts, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society. In February, 1833, his wife died, leaving to him four children. In 1839 he was again married to the daughter of Jesse Sumner of Boston. Their children were three in number.

AQUIA CREEK is located on the right bank of the Potomac, at the termination of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad. This was a part of the through route from New Orleans and Mobile to New York. The connection between Aquia Creek and Washington was made by steamboat, 55 miles. It is 15 miles from Fredericksburg. The creek itself, after which the railroad termination takes its name, flows through Stafford County into the Potomac, and is navigable for vessels of light draft for several miles from its mouth. Batteries were erected here by the Virginia troops, which were cannonaded by Commander H. J. Ward in the gunboat Freeborn, supported by the Anacostia and Resolute on the 31st of May. He thus reported the affair:

"After an incessant charge, kept up for two hours by both our 32-pounders, and the expenditure of all the ammunition suitable for distant firing, and silencing completely the three batteries at the railroad terminus, the fir

ing from shore having been rapidly kept up by them until so silenced, and having been recommenced from the new batteries on the heights back, which reached us in volleys, dropping the shot on board and about us like hail for nearly an hour, but fortunately wounding but one man, I hauled the vessel off, as the heights proved wholly above the reach of our elevation. "Judging from the explosion of our ten-second shells in the sand-batteries, two of which were thrown by the Anacostia, it is hardly possible the enemy can have escaped considerable loss. Several others of the Anacostia's shells dropped in the vicinity of the battery."

Another attack was made on the batteries on the 1st of June, by the Freeborn and Pawnee, gunboats.

Just as the firing opened the men at the batteries burnt the depot houses at the end of the wharf, probably to prevent them from being in the way of their shot. They continued burning throughout the whole engagement, as it was not safe for any one to leave the batteries to extinguish the fire. It also burnt the entire wharf to the water's edge.

A slight affair had taken place on the 29th of May, previous to these two attacks, which was the first hostile collision on the waters of the Potomac.

ARCHITECTURE. New York City has long been famous for her stores, excelling those of any other city either in this country or abroad, in their size, expense of construction, ornamentation, and their conveniences for the purposes of the trade to which they are to be adapted. The war has, during the past year, materially interfered with new enterprises of this kind; but a few, undertaken in the previous year, have been completed, and are superior to any stores before constructed. Of these, the largest is the store and warehouse of Messrs Claflin, Mellen & Co., extending from Church street to West Broadway, with a façade on one side of these streets of 80 ft., and 375 on Worth street. The façades are of the green tinted Nova Scotia stone, with pediments on the three streets. The first story is of iron, painted and sanded to the same color as the stone. The style may be called Italian, with no excess of ornamentation, but the whole is in good taste. Like most of the later stores in this city, there are five stories above the sidewalk on Church street, and two beneath, viz.: basement and sub-cellar. Owing to the descent in Anthony street, the basement becomes on West Broadway, a full story above the side walk; at this end, most of the goods are delivered. The whole store is appropriated to the business of one firm, for the jobbing of dry goods. At the corner of White street and Broadway, a store has been erected by Wm. B. Astor, 75 feet on Broadway, and 175 on White street. The façades are of white marble, with the first story of iron. The roof is finished, a la mansard, with a balcony at the top of galvanized wrought iron, of which material the cornice of the build

ing is also composed. This store differs in style from those usually constructed here. Heavy pilasters ornament the front above the first story on Broadway, which are supported, each on two columns of iron. The caps of the windows, and all the ornamentation are extremely bold, and by their depth of shadow on the material of which they are constructed, give a character to the building uncommon to the class. On Broadway, between 9th and 10th streets, a store is building for A. T. Stewart, probably for the retail dry goods trade. The façades are entirely of iron; not distinctive in character as to style, they strike one rather by their extent than by their architectural beauty.

In Boston, a few dry goods warehouses have been finished, which, in boldness and originality in their façades, are equal, if not superior to those in New York; but they do not equal them in capacity. Some private dwellings have also been built on the land reclaimed from the Back Bay, which are deserving of notice architecturally. They are mostly in the French style of architecture, with mansard roofs. Their façades are of Nova Scotia stone, and of brick; and they ornament a part of the city which has been heretofore a low-tide reservoir.

At Washington, the work on the Capitol has been in a measure suspended. Piece by piece is still slowly added to the ribbed skeleton of the dome. Each piece is raised by a steam derrick, placed on the roof at the base of the dome, and instead of steadying the load by a guy, a man rides up on the piece as it is hoisted, to preserve its balance, and returns resting on a small iron ball above the hook. In the interior, Leutze is maturing his design for the ornamentation of the stair-case of the House of Representatives. The bronze doors, designed and modelled at Rome by Rogers, have lately been cast at the Munich foundry. Each doorthe whole forms a folding-door-is divided into four panels. Thus, with a semicircular space above, there are nine divisions, in each of which an important moinent of Columbus' life is represented. The figures stand out in full relief. The crowning event of the discoverer's career occupies the commanding spot over the top of the doors. Here Columbus, standing on a mound, forms the central figure. He has just landed from a boat, and with the standard of Arragon and Castile planted upon the new soil, and with sword upraised in his right hand, he takes possession of the land in the name of his sovereigns. Some boatmen are still in the skiff, others are kneeling on the shore, while a group of Indians, peeping from behind a tree on the opposite side, look on in wondering astonishment. In one compartment is represented the triumphal entry of Columbus into Madrid, on his first return from America, amid crowds of gazers at him, the hero of the triumph, and at the Indians, who precede the procession, with paroquets on their upraised arms. The next panel is occupied with a sadder story. Here, Columbus in chains, surrounded