The Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl

adult African Black Duck Afton aggressive American Wigeon Anatidae Anatini Ankney arctic areas avian Aythya birds Black Duck Blue-winged Teal body Brant breeding grounds breeding season brood parasitism Canada Geese Canvasbacks clutch conspecifics courtship cycle dabbling ducks defend diet dispersal displays ducklings Dzubin ecology Eider energy estimated factors feather feeding flightless flocks foraging fowl Gadwall Goldeneye habitat hatching increase incubation individuals Johnsgard 1978 Kear Krapu lakes laying Lesser Scaup Lesser Snow Geese MacInnes male and female Mallards Manage marshes mating systems McKinney Mergini migration mortality nest sites nonbreeding North Northern Pintails Northern Shovelers nutrient reserves occur pair pair-bonds parental patterns philopatry plumage population postbreeding predation protein rates Raveling Redheads reproductive Ruddy Duck selection Shelduck Snow Goose social species studies swans territories tion Titman Tribe Univ unpubl variation waterfowl Weller wetlands Whistling Ducks Wigeon Wildfowl Wildl wing molt winter Wood Ducks young Zool