ABBA OUMNA, a distinguished Jewish
physician, i. 401.

Abbot Arnold, his sanguinary order at

the capture of Beziers, ii. 62.
Abdallah penetrates Africa as far as
Tripoli, i. 334.

Abdalmalek invades Africa, i. 334.
Abderrahman slain at the battle of

Tours, ii, 30.

Abderrahman III., description of the
Court of, ii. 32.

Introduces cotton manufacture into
Spain, ii. 386.
Abderrahman Sufi improves the pho-

tometry of the stars, ii. 42.
Abdulmalek, his scrupulous integrity
in regard to the church of
Damascus, i. 338.
Abelard, Peter, his character and doc-
trines, ii. 11.

Abkah, his temporary success in sub-

jugating Africa, i. 334.

Aboul Wefa discovers the variation of
the moon, i. 325.

Abraham Ibn Sahal, obscene character

of the songs of, ii. 35.
Absorption of the soul of man, the
Veda doctrine of, i. 60.
Abu-Bekr, the successor of Mohammed
and first Khalif, i. 334.
Abul Cassem, a Moorish writer of

the tenth century, on trade and
commerce, ii. 44.

Abul Hassan, an Arab astronomer, ii.
42.

Abu Othman, a Moorish writer on
zoology, ii. 39.
Acaciu, Bishop of Constantinople,
excommunicated by Felix, the
Bishop of Rome, i. 352.

Academies, accusation of heresy
against the Italian, ii. 213.
Foundation of modern learned, il
287.

Academy, Old, founded by Plato, i. 169.
Middle, founded by Arcesilaus, i.

169.

New, founded by Carneades, i. 169.
Fourth, founded by Philo of
Larissa, i. 170.

Fifth, founded by Antiochus of As-
calon, i. 170.

Acherusian Cave, superstitiously be-
lieved to lead to hell, i. 36.
Achilles, spear of, preserved as a
relic, 51.

Puzzle, advanced by Zeno the

Eleatic as one of four arguments
against the possibility of motion,
i. 122.

Acoustics, discoveries in, and pheno-
mena of, ii. 370.

Adrian, Pope, incurs the displeasure

of Charlemagne in consequence
of selling his vassals as slaves, i,

Affinity, first employed in its modern

acceptation by Albertus Magnus,
ii. 153.

Africa, circumnavigation of, by the
ships of Pharaoh Necho, i. 78.
Conquered by the Arabs, i. 333.
Effects of the loss of, on Italy, i. 350.
Circumnavigation of, by Vasco de
Gama, ii. 168.

Age of the earth, problem of, ii. 294.
Proofs of, ii. 334.

Age of Faith, Greek, i. 143.
Its problems, i. 217.
European, i. 308.

In the East, end of, i. 326.

In the West, i. 349; ii. 1, 27, 77,
105.

Its literary condition, ii. 128.
Results of, in England, ii. 229.
Contrast of, and age of Reason, ii.
389.

Age of Greek decrepitude, i. 207.
Age of Inquiry, Greek, its solutions,

i. 217.

botany, ii. 39.

Albertus Magnus constructs a brazen
man, ii. 116.

His extensive acquirements, ii. 153.
Alberuni, a Moorish writer on gems,
ii. 39.

Albigensian revolt, ii. 147.
Albucasis, a skilful surgeon of Cor-
dova, ii. 39.

Alby, edict of Council of, against the
Jewish physicians, ii. 125.
Al-Cawthor, river of, mentioned in
the Koran, i. 346.
Alchemists, Saracenic, i. 409.
Alchemists, minor, of England,

France, and Germany, ii. 155.
Alchemy, theory and object of, i. 406.
Alcuin, a Benedictine monk, founded
the University of Paris, i. 437.
Alemanni, Christianized at the begin-

ning of the sixth century, i. 365.
Alexander, Bishop of Constantinople,
his controversy with Arius, i.
285.

Alexander II. excommunicates the
Bishop of Milan, ii. 17.

Alexander IV., Pope, he endeavours
to destroy the "Everlasting

Gospel," ii. 78.

Alexander of Aphrodisais, his prin-

ciples and tendencies, i. 259.

Alexander the Great, his invasion of
Persia, i. 171.

His character, i. 174.

Alexandria, foundation of, i. 173.
Political state of, i. 200.

Decline of the school of, i. 204.
Description of, i. 323.

Its capture, i. 334.

"Alexiad" of Anna Comnena, ii. 59.
Algazzali, his writings and doctrines,
ii. 50.

Alhakem, Khalif, his extensive library,
ii. 32.

Alhazen discovers atmospheric refrac-
tion, ii. 42.
Review of, ii. 45.

His conclusions on the extent of
the atmosphere confirmed, ii, 367

Ali, believed by the Shiites to be an
incarnation of God, i. 347.
His patronage of literature carried
out by his successors, ii. 36.
Alineations, employed by Hipparchus
in making a register of the stars,
i. 202.
Alliacus, Cardinal, the five memoirs
of, ii, 254.

Almagest, of Ptolemy, description of,
i. 203.

Translated by Averrhoes, ii. 67.
Almaimon, his letter to the Emperor
Theophilus, ii. 40.

Determines the obliquity of the
ecliptic, ii. 41.

Also the size of the earth, ii. 41.
His accuracy confirmed by the

measurements of Fernel, ii. 255.
Almansor patronizes learned men ir-
respective of their religious
opinions, i. 336.

Alps, upheaval of, i. 31.
Al-Sirat bridge, spoken of in the
Koran, i. 346.

Alwalid I., Khalif, prohibits the use
of Greek, i. 339.

Amadeus, elected "Pope Felix V.,” ii.
103.

Amber brought from the Baltic, i.
46.

Supposed by Thales to possess a
living soul, i. 97.

Its electrical power imputed to a
soul residing in it, i. 100.
Study of its phenomena has led to
important results, ii. 376.
Ambrose of Milan converts St. Augus-
tine, i. 304.

Apology for the impostures prac-
tised by, i. 313.

Ambrose Paré lays the foundation of
modern surgery, ii. 285.
America, persecutions practised in, ii.

America, United States of, separation
of Church and State in, ii. 143,
227.

Opportune occurrence of the Revo-
lution, ii. 150.

Culmination of the Reformation in,
ii. 226.

American tragedy, ii. 166.

Ammon, St., wonder related of, i.

427.

Ammonius Saccas, reputed author of
the doctrines of Neo-Platonism,
i. 211.

Amrou, the Mohammedan general,
takes Alexandria, i. 333.
Amulets, whence their supposed
power derived, i. 403.

Anabaptists, number of, put to death,
ii. 226.

Analogy of Greek and Indian Philo-
sophy, i. 210.

Analysis, higher, commencement of
the, i. 134.

Political dangers of, i. 139.
Anaxagoras condemned to death for
impiety, i. 50.

His doctrines, i. 108.

Persecution and death of, 110.
Anaximander of Miletus, his doctrines,
i. 106.

Originates cosmogony and biology,
i. 107.

Anaximenes of Miletus holds the doc-
trine that air is the first prin-
ciple, i. 98.

Anchorets, number of, i. 432.
Animals, Veda doctrine of use of, i. 61.
Are localized as well as plants, ii.
309.

Order of succession of, ii. 321.
Animals, cold and hot-blooded, ii.
332.

Characteristics of, ii. 339.

In lower tribes of, movements are
automatic, ii. 349.

Their instinctive and intellecal
apparatus, ii, 351.

Their nature, ii. 363.

Analogy between, and Man

364.

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,
takes part in the dispute between.
the realists and nominalists, ii. 12.
Anthony, St., a grazing hermit, i.

427.

Delusions of, i. 429.
Anthropocentric stage of thought, i.
36.

Ideas, prominence of, i. 64.
Ruin of, ii. 279.

Philosophy, review of, ii. 287.
Antimony, its uses, and origin of its
name, ii. 156.

Antiochus of Ascalon, founder of the
fourth Academy, i. 170.
Antiochus, King of Syria, cedes his
European possessions to Rome, i.

246.

Antisthenes, founder of the Cynical
School, i. 149.

Antonina, wife of Belisarius, her cruel
treatment of Sylverius, i. 354.
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Emperor,
his acknowledgments to Epic-
tetus, i. 259.

Antonio de Dominis, outrage on the
body of, ii. 225.
Apennines, upheaval of, i. 31.
Apocalypse, comments on, ii. 78.
Apollonius Pergæus, the writings of,
i. 201.

His geometry underrated by Pa-
tristicism, i. 316.

Apollonius of Tyana aids in the intro-
duction of Orientalism, i. 210.
Wonders related of, ii. 115.
Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, the
rival of Duns Scotus, ii. 14.
Sojourns with Albertus Magnus, ii.
116.

Arabian influence, importance of,
i. 383.

Sorcery, i. 390.

School system, ii. 36.
Practical science, ii. 38.

Medicine and surgery, ii. 39.
Astronomy, ii. 41.

Practical art, ii. 43.

Commerce, ii. 43.

Numerals, ii. 49.

Arabs cultivate learning, i. 335.
Rapidity of their intellectual de-
velopment, i. 336.

Invade Spain, ii. 28.

Arabs, civilization and refinement of
Spanish, ii. 30.

Introduce the manufacture of cot-
ton into Europe, ii. 386.
Invent cotton paper, and the print-
ing of calico by wooden blocks,
ii. 386.

Arantius, a distinguished anatomist,
ii. 284.

Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle
Academy, i. 169.

Archimedes, the writings of, i. 194.
His mechanical inventions held in
contempt by Patristicism, i. 316.
Arctinus, his poems held in venera-
tion, i. 51.

Arddha Chiddi, the founder of Buddh-
ism, life of, i. 66.

Argonautic voyage, object of, i. 41.
Its real nature, i. 45.
Ariminium, Council of, i. 289.
Aristarchus attempts to ascertain the
sun's distance, i. 199.

Aristippus, the founder

of the
Cyrenaic School, i. 149.

Aristotle keeps a druggist's shop in
Athens, i. 129, 397.
Biography of, i. 176.

His works translated into Arabic,
i. 402.

Aristotelism compared with Platonism
i. 177.

Arithmetic, Indian, ii. 40.
Arius, his heresy, i. 285.

His death, i. 288.

Political results of his heresy, i.

Asellius discovers the lacteals, ii.
285.

Asoka, King, patronizes Buddhism, i.
67.

Aspasia, history of, significant, i. 132.
Astrolabe, known to the Saracens, ii.
42.

Astronomical refraction, understood
by Alhazen, ii. 46.
Astronomy, primitive, i. 39.

Passes beyond the fetich stage, i.
100.

Of Eratosthenes, i. 199.

How she takes her revenge on the
Church, i. 360.

The intellectual impulse makes its
attack through, ii. 133.
Astronomy affords illustration of the
magnitude and age of the world,
ii. 278.

Athanasius rebels against the Emperor
Constantine, i. 289.

First introduces monasticism into
Italy, i. 433.

Athene, statues of, i. 51.
Athens, her progress in art, i. 132.
Athens, her philosophy, i. 133.

Her fall, ii. 109.

Atlantic, first voyage across, ii. 162.
Atmosphere, height of, determined
by Alhazen, ii. 47.
Effects of light on, ii. 320.

The phenomena and properties of,
ii. 367.

Atomic theory, suggested by Demo-
critus, i. 125.

Attalus, King of Pergamus, effect of

his bequests to Rome, i. 247.
Attila, King of the Huns, "the
scourge of God," invades Africa,
i. 350.

Augsburg, Diet of, ii. 211.
Augustine, St., causes Pelagius to be
expelled from Africa, 294.
Writes the "City of God," i. 301.
Character of that work, i. 304.
Denies the possibility of the Anti-
podes, i. 315.

His notion of the Virgin, i. 361.
On spontaneous generation, ii. 329.

Auricular confession, introduction of,
ii. 65.

"Ausculta Fili," Papal bull of, ii. 83.
Australian, how affected by physical
circumstances, i. 26.

Avenzoar, a Moorish writer on phar-
macy, ii. 39.
Averrhoes, of Cordova, the chief com-
mentator on Aristotle, ii. 39.
His theory of the soul, ii. 193.
Confounded force with the psychical
principle, ii. 343.

His erroneous view of man, ii. 357.
Avicenna, the geological views of, i̟.
411.

A physician and philosopher, ii. 39.
Avignon, Papacy removed to, ii. 86.
Voluptuousness of, ii. 95.
Papacy leaves, ii. 96.

Azof, Sea of, dependency of the Medi-
terranean, i. 28.

Babylonian, extent of astronomical
observations, i. 192.

Bacon, Lord, nature of his philosophy,
ii. 258.

Bacon, Roger, titles of his works, ii.
120.

Is the friend of the Pope, ii. 132.
His history and his discoveries, ii.
153.

Baconian philosophy, its principles un-
derstood and carried into practice
eighteen hundred years before
Bacon was born, ii. 175.
Bactrian empire, European ideas trans-
mitted through, i. 45.

Badbee, John, the second English mar-
tyr, denies transubstantiation, ii.

99.

Bagdad, Khalifs of, patronize learning,
i. 335.

Its university founded by the Khalif
Al Raschid, i. 402.
Baghavat Gita, i. 65.

Baines on the extent of the cotton
manufacture, ii. 386.

Bajazet, defeats Sigismund, King of
Hungary, at the battle of Nico-
polis, ii. 106.