cow passes from the intestine much marsh gas. It is of the utmost importance that the floor be properly paved with impervious material and that the drainage be perfect; there must also be an abundant supply of water; this is best stored in a capacious tank, to which a long hose may be attached. The manure from a large cowhouse should be removed at least once a day, and the floor washed down morning and evening; in no other way can the air be kept even moderately free from odour.

A third source of nuisance arises from the grains so generally in towns used as a food. The grains are stored up in a wet state, and unless they are freed from the liquid, acetous fermentation proceeds and a penetrating sour smell is very evident. It is best to store the grains in two receptacles, and directly the one is empty it should be well washed and scrubbed with hot water. The reason for this precaution is, that unless the receptacles themselves are regularly washed, they become impregnated with the acetous liquor, and, quite irrespective of the grains, are a source of nuisance.

In model cowsheds the racks and partitions are made of iron, which is a great improvement on wood. The walls themselves are preferably lined with glazed tiles. Any living room over a cowshed, the atmosphere of which is in direct communication with it, should most decidedly be condemned as unfit for human habitation.

The general regulations in force as to cow-keeping are as follows:

(193) Dairies', Cowsheds', and Milk Shops' Order.

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

41 and 42 Vic., Ch. 74, and 49 and 50 Vic., Ch. 32. REGULATIONS AS TO DAIRIES, COWSHEDS, AND MILKSHOPS.

THE DAIRIES, COWSHEDS, AND MILKSHOPS ORDER OF 1885, AS AMENDED BY THE DAIRIES, COWSHEDS, AND MILKSHOPS AMENDING ORDER OF 1886, PROVIDES AS FOLLOWS:

Registration of Dairymen and others.

Section 6.-(1.) It shall not be lawful for any person to carry on in the District of any Local Authority the trade of cowkeeper, dairyman, or purveyor of milk unless he is registered as such therein in accordance with this Article.

(2.) Every Local Authority shall keep a Register of persons from time to time carrying on in their District the trade of cowkeepers, dairymen, or purveyors of milk, and shall from time to time revise and correct the Registers.

(3.) The Local Authority shall register every such person, but the fact of such registration shall not be deemed to authorise such person to occupy as a dairy or cowshed any particular building, or in any way preclude any proceedings being taken against such person for non-compliance with or infringement of any of the provisions of this Order or any Regulation made thereunder.

(4.) The Local Authority shall from time to time give public notice by advertisement in a newspaper circulating in their District, and, if they think fit, by placards, hand-bills, or otherwise, of registration being required, and of the mode of registration.

(5.) A person who carries on the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman for the purpose only of making and selling butter or cheese or both, and who does not carry on the trade of purveyor of milk, shall not, for the purposes of registration, be deemed to be a person carrying on the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman, and need not be registered.

(6.) A person who sells milk of his own cows in small quantities to his workmen or neighbours, for their accommodation, shall not, for the purposes of registration, be deemed, by reason only of such selling, to be a person carrying on the trade of cowkeeper, dairyman, or purveyor of milk, and need not, by reason thereof, be registered.

Construction and Water Supply of New Dairies and Cowsheds.

Section 7.-(1.) It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman to begin to occupy as a dairy or cowshed any building not so occupied at the commencement of this Order, unless and until he first makes provision, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Local Authority, for the lighting and the ventilation, including air-space, and the cleansing, drainage, and water supply of the same, while occupied as a dairy or cowshed.

(2.) It shall not be lawful for any such person to begin so to occupy any such building without first giving one month's notice in writing to the Local Authority of his intention so to do.

Sanitary State of all Dairies and Cowsheds.

Section 8. It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman to occupy as a dairy or cowshed any building, whether so occupied at the commencement of this Order or not, if, and as long as, the lighting and the ventilation, including air-space, and the cleansing, drainage, and water supply thereof, are not such as are necessary or proper

(a.) for the health and good condition of the cattle therein; and

(b.) for the cleanliness of milk-vessels used therein for containing milk for sale;

and

(c.) for the protection of the milk therein against infection or contamination.

Contamination of Milk.

Section 9. It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman or purveyor of milk, or being the occupier of a milk-store or milk-shop

(a.) To allow any person suffering from a dangerous infectious disorder, or having recently been in contact with a person so suffering, to milk cows or to handle vessels used for containing milk for sale, or in any way to take part or assist in the conduct of the trade or business of the cowkeeper or dairyman, purveyor of milk or occupier of a milk-store or milk-shop, so far as regards the production, distribution, or storage of milk; or

(b.) If himself so suffering or having recently been in contact as aforesaid, to milk cows, or handle vessels used for containing milk for sale, or in any way to take part in the conduct of his trade or business as far as regards the production, distribution, or storage of milk

until in each case all danger therefrom of the communication of infection to the milk or of its contamination has ceased.

Section 10. It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman or purveyor of milk, or being the occupier of a milk-store or milk-shop after the receipt of notice of not less than one month from the Local Authority, calling attention to the provisions of this Article, to permit any water-closet, earthcloset, privy, cesspool, or urinal to be within, communicate directly with, or ventilate into, any dairy or any room used as a milk-store or milk-shop.

Section 11. It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman or purveyor of milk, or being the occupier of a milk-store or milkshop to use a milk-store or milk-shop in his occupation, or permit the same to be used as a sleeping apartment, or for any purpose incompatible with the proper preservation of the cleanliness of the milk-store or milkshop, and of the milk-vessels and milk therein, or in any manner likely to cause contamination of the milk therein.

Section 12. It shall not be lawful for any person following the trade of cowkeeper or dairyman or purveyor of milk, to keep any swine in any cowshed or other building used by him for keeping cows, or in any milk-store or other place used by him for keeping milk for sale.

Existence of Disease among Cattle.

Section 15. If at any time disease exists among the cattle in a Dairy or Cowshed, or other building or place, the milk of a diseased cow therein

(a.) shall not be mixed with other milk; and

(b.) shall not be sold or used for human food; and

(c.) shall not be sold or used for food of swine, or other animals, unless and until it has been boiled.

REGULATIONS AS TO DAIRIES, COWSHEDS, MILK-SHOPS, &c., AND AS TO PRECAUTIONS AGAINST THE INFECTION AND CONTAMINATION OF MILK - IN THE METROPOLIS.

In pursuance of Section 13 of The Dairies, Cowsheds, and Milk-shops Order of 1885, the Metropolitan Board of Works1 being the Local Authority for the Metropolis (except the City of London and the Liberties thereof) hereby made the following regulations

(a.) For the inspection of cattle in Dairies.

(b.) For prescribing and regulating the lighting, ventilation, cleansing, drainage, and water supply of Dairies and Cowsheds in the occupation of persons following the trade of Cowkeepers or Dairymen.

(c.) For securing the cleanliness of Milk-stores, Milk-shops, and of Milk-vessels used for containing milk for sale by such persons.

(d.) For prescribing precautions to be taken by purveyors of milk, and persons selling milk by retail, against infection or contamination.

1. These regulations shall commence and take effect from and immediately after the third day of August, 1885.

REGULATION FOR THE INSPECTION OF CATTLE.

2. Every Inspector appointed by the Board under this Act is hereby authorised to inspect all cattle upon the premises of all persons registered by the Board under the Act.

REGULATIONS FOR PRESCRIBING AND REGULATING THE LIGHTING, VENTILATION, CLEANSING, DRAINAGE AND WATER SUPPLY OF DAIRIES AND COWSHEDS IN THE OCCUPATION OF PERSONS FOLLOWING THE TRADE OF COWKEEPERS OR DAIRYMEN.

Cowsheds.

3. Every Cowshed shall be well and sufficiently lighted by openings in the sides or roof, or by windows therein.

4. Every Cowshed shall be thoroughly ventilated by lantern-louvred ventilators in the roof thereof, or by louvred ventilators in the walls, or by openings in the sides or roofs.

5. In every Cowshed there shall be sufficient air-space for the health and good

1 Now London County Council.

condition of the cattle therein, i.e., there shall be for each animal kept in a separate stall a superficial space of at least 8 feet by 4 feet, and for two animals kept in one stall a superficial space of 8 feet by 7 feet; and there shall be an air-space of at least 600 cubic feet in respect of every animal kept in a Cowshed, where, taking into consideration the position and construction of the shed, there are perfectly satisfactory means of ventilation; but in other cases there shall be an air-space of 800 cubic feet in respect of every animal kept, and in any case the height of the shed in excess of 16 feet shall not be taken into account in estimating the air-space.

6. Every Cowshed shall be well paved with Stourbridge or other impervious brick, or other impervious material, set with cement properly bedded on concrete, with a proper slope towards a gully-hole, which shall, where practicable, be outside the shed; and such gully-hole shall communicate by an adequate drain of glazed stoneware pipes with the public sewer, and be trapped by an appropriate fixed trap, and be covered with a grating, the bars of which shall be not more than inch apart; excepting that, not exceeding 3 feet of the foremost part of the stalls may be paved with chalk or other similar material.

7. Every Cowshed shall be provided with an adequate supply of water, and where there is not a constant water supply, with a slate, metal, or metallic-lined tank, properly covered and provided with an overflow or warning pipe, and with piping for conveying the water to the Cowshed; such tank to be so placed that the bottom thereof shall be not less than 6 feet above the floor level. Every such tank shall be of a capacity equal to 12 gallons of water for each cow lawfully kept; it shall have no communication with any water-closet or drain by means of a waste-pipe; and it shall be supplied with good and wholesome water, which, if practicable, shall be procured by the occupier from a public water company, and such tank shall be cleansed as often as is necessary for keeping the same in a clean condition.

8. Each stall or standing-place for cows in every Cowshed shall be provided with a water-trough or receptacle, constructed of or lined with hard, smooth and impervious material, and each such trough or receptacle shall be supplied with water by means of a pipe communicating with a water tank, or, in the case of a constant water supply, with the Water Company's pipes, and each such trough or receptacle shall also be provided with a waste-pipe or waste-hole in the lowest part thereof.

9. The inner walls, doors, and woodwork (except the partitions between the cows) of every Cowshed shall be covered with hard, smooth, and impervious material to a height of at least 5 feet from the floor of such Cowshed, and such hard, smooth, and impervious material shall not be covered with cement-wash, lime-wash, or other substance.

10. Every Cowshed shall be provided with properly constructed places or receptacles for storing any brewers' grains intended for the animals therein, and also places or receptacles for receiving the dung and litter from the Cowsheds, and such places or receptacles shall be constructed of or lined with impervious material and be properly drained; but no such places or receptacles shall be within, or communicate directly with, any Cowshed.

11. No water-closet, privy, cesspool, or urinal shall be within, communicate directly with, or ventilate into a Cowshed.

12. No dung, grains, or other substance from which effluvium is liable to be given off, shall be kept in any Cowshed; nor shall any dung, grains, or other substance as aforesaid be so kept that any effluvium therefrom can enter any Cowshed.

13. The upper parts of the inner surface of the walls of every Cowshed shall be thoroughly cleansed and limewashed in the months of March and September, and at other times within 7 days of the Board giving notice in writing that such cleansing and limewashing are necessary.

14. The floor of every Cowshed, and all troughs or utensils used for supplying the cows with food and water, shall be thoroughly cleansed with water at least once every day; and the portions of the walls, partitions, doors and other parts of the Cowshed within 5 feet of the floor shall be thoroughly cleansed as often as may be necessary for keeping the same in a clean condition.

15. All dung and offensive litter shall be carefully swept up and removed from overy Cowshed at least twice every day, and shall be removed from the premises as frequently as may be necessary to prevent nuisance.

16. All utensils and vessels used by a cowkeeper for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk shall be thoroughly cleansed with steam or scalding water as frequently as may be necessary for keeping such vessels and utensils perfectly clean and sweet, and only clean water shall be used for this purpose.

17. Every Cowkeeper shall at all times employ such means, and adopt such precautions, as may be necessary for keeping any Cowshed in his occupation, and the cows therein, in a clean and wholesome condition.

Dairies.

18. Every Dairy shall be sufficiently lighted, and shall be thoroughly ventilated by louvred ventilators, ventilating shafts, or openings in the walls or roof.

19. Every Dairy shall be well paved with flagstones, concrete, or other suitable material, properly set in cement, and the inner walls thereof shall be covered with hard, smooth, and impervious material to a height of at least 6 feet from the floor of such Dairy, and such hard smooth, and impervious material shall not be covered with cement-wash, lime-wash, or other substance.

20. The floor of every Dairy shall fall or slope towards an opening in the walls thereof, leading to a properly trapped gully-hole outside such Dairy; and no inlet to a drain shall be within any Dairy.

21. Every Dairy shall be provided with an adequate supply of water, and, where there is not a constant supply, with a slate, metal, or metallic-lined tank, properly covered, and provided with an overflow or warning pipe, and with piping for conveying the water to the Dairy. The tank shall have no communication with any watercloset or drain by means of a waste pipe, and shall be supplied with good and wholesome water, which, if practicable, shall be procured by the occupier from a public water company, and such tank shall be cleansed as often as may be necessary for keeping the same in a clean condition.

22. The floor of every Dairy, and the portions of the walls and other parts of the Dairy within 6 feet of the floor thereof, as well as all fixtures and tables therein, shall be cleansed with water as frequently as may be necessary for keeping such Dairy, fixtures, and tables, in a thoroughly clean and wholesome condition, and the ceilings and the upper parts of the inner surface of the walls shall be thoroughly cleansed and limewashed as frequently as may be necessary for keeping the same in a

clean condition.

23. All utensils and vessels used by a Dairyman for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk shall be thoroughly cleansed with steam or scalding water as frequently as may be necessary for keeping such utensils and vessels perfectly clean and sweet, and only clean water shall be used for the purpose.

24. Every Dairyman shall, at all times, employ such means and adopt such precautions, as may be necessary for keeping any dairy in his occupation, and the utensils and vessels used by him for containing milk, in a clean and wholesome condition, so as to preserve the purity of such milk.

REGULATIONS FOR SECURING THE CLEANLINESS OF MILK-STORES, MILK-SHOPS, AND MILK-VESSELS USED FOR CONTAINING MILK FOR SALE BY PERSONS FOLLOWING THE TRADE OF COWKEEPERS OR DAIRYMEN.

25. Every Milk-store or Milk-shop, as well as all fixtures and tables therein, used in connection with the keeping or sale of milk, shall at all times be kept in a cleanly condition.

26. All utensils and vessels used for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk, shall be thoroughly cleansed with steam or scalding water as frequently as may be necessary for keeping such utensils and vessels perfectly clean and sweet, and only clean water shall be used for the purpose.

27. Every person following the trade of Cowkeeper or Dairyman shall, at all times, employ such means and adopt such precautions, as may be necessary for keeping the utensils and vessels used by him for containing milk in a clean andwholesome condition, so as to preserve the purity of such milk.