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his business is carried on to every Member and Officer of the Board, authorised in writing under the hand of the Clerk of the said Board, at any reasonable time during the hours within which such business may be carried on.

9. Every person offending against any of the foregoing Bye-Laws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of Five pounds; and in the case of a continuing offence to a penalty of One pound for every day during which the offence may be continued after the conviction for the first offence.

10. Every Court of Summary Jurisdiction, as defined in the Slaughterhouses, &c. (Metropolis), Act, 1874, may, as a penalty for the breach of any of the foregoing Bye-Laws, by summary Order, suspend, or deprive any person altogether of the right of carrying on the business of a Blood Drier.

Bye-Laws for Regulating the Structure of the Premises.

11. Every Blood Drier shall cause the floor of the yard and every part of his premises in which any process of his business (except the drying and packing processes) is carried on, to be properly paved with asphalte, concrete, or other suitable jointless material, laid upon a suitable bottom of at least four inches in thickness, and such floor to have a proper slope towards a channel or gully; and shall cause his premises to be effectually drained by adequate drains communicating with a public sewer. The drains shall be properly trapped, and the entrances theret shall be covered with fixed gratings, the bars of which shall not be more than three-eighths of an inch apart.

12. Every Blood Drier shall cause the inner walls of every building in which an process of his business (except the drying and packing processes) is carried on, to b covered to a height of at least six feet with hard, smooth, impervious material.

13. Every Blood Drier shall cause his premises to be provided with applianc capable of effectually destroying all offensive effluvia, vapours, or gases arising any process of his business, or from any material, residue, or other substance whic may be kept or stored upon his premises.

14. Every Blood Drier shall cause all needful works and alterations to t premises to be forthwith done and executed as and when the same shall beco requisite, but shall not allow any alteration whatsoever to be made in respect of t structure of the premises, without the consent of the Board.

15. Every person who shall not comply with any of the foregoing Bye-La relating to the structure of the premises shall be guilty of an offence, and shall liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of Five pounds, and in the case c continuing offence, to a penalty of One pound for every day during which the offer may be continued after the conviction of the first offence. Provided always that foregoing Bye-Laws for regulating the structure of the premises shall not, until a the expiration of twelve months from the date of the confirmation of the Bye-La be deemed to apply to any premises where at such date the business of a Blood I may be carried on.

Bye-Laws for Regulating the mode of Application for Sanction to new Establish of the Business,

18. Every person who may apply to the Board for their sanction to esta! anew the business of a Blood Drier, shall furnish with the application a plan of premises and sections of the buildings in which it is proposed to carry on business, such plans and sections being drawn to a scale of a quarter of an in the foot, and showing the provision made, or proposed to be made, for the pr conduct of such business, and for the drainage, ventilation, and water supply of promises, and shall also furnish a key plan of the locality, showing the building streets within one hundred yards of the premises, drawn to a scale of five feet ta mile,

(179) Fat Melting, Dip Candle Making.

The materials used aro kitchen stuff and fat collected : Various materials,

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3. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause all scraps or litter composed of matters liable to become decomposed, to be constantly gathered or swept up and placed in proper covered receptacles.

4. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause the floor of every place in which any process of the business is carried on, to be kept thoroughly cleansed, and he shall cause the premises to be constantly provided with an adequate supply of water for the

purpose.

5. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause every inner wall of the premises on which his business is carried on to be kept at all times thoroughly clean and in good order and repair. He shall cause every inner wall and every ceiling in every part of his premises where any process of his business may be carried on, to be thoroughly washed with hot lime-wash, at least twice in every year, that is to say, in the months of March and September, and likewise as often as may be necessary for the purpose of keeping such part of the premises in a cleanly and wholesome state. 6. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause every vessel, receptacle, utensil, or instrument provided or used upon, or in connection with, the premises on which his business may be carried on, to be kept, when not actually in use, at all times thoroughly clean, so as to prevent the emission of any offensive smell from such vessel, receptacle, utensil or instrument.

7. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall afford access to every part of the premises on which his business is carried on to every Member and Officer of the Board, authorised in writing under the hand of the Clerk of the said Board, at any reasonable time during the hours within such business may be carried on.

8. Every person offending against any of the foregoing Bye-Laws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of Five pounds; and in the case of a continuing offence to a penalty of One pound for every day during which the offence may be continued after the conviction for the first offence.

9. Every Court of Summary Jurisdiction, as defined in the Slaughterhouses, &c. (Metropolis), Act, 1874, may, as a penalty for the breach of any of the foregoing ByeLaws, by Summary Order, suspend or deprive any person altogether of the right of carrying on the business of a Fat Melter or Fat Extractor.

Bye-Laws for Regulating the Structure of the Premises.

10. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause every floor upon which any process of his business is carried on, in any part of his premises, to be properly covered with a layer of concrete, or other suitable jointless impervious material, laid (in the case of a ground floor) upon a suitable bottom of at least four inches in thickness. He shall cause every such floor to have a proper slope towards a channel or gully and shall cause every part of his premises wherein any such floor may be constructed to be effectually drained by adequate drains communicating with a public sewer. He shall also cause every drain to be properly trapped, and the entrance thereto to be covered with a fixed grating, the bars of which shall not be more than three-eighths of an inch apart.

11. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause his premises to be provided with appliances capable of effectually destroying all offensive effluvia, vapours or gases arising in any process of his business, or from any material, residue, or other substance which may be kept or stored upon his premises.

12. Every Fat Melter or Fat Extractor shall cause all needful works and alterations to the premises to be forthwith done and executed as and when the same shall become requisite, but shall not allow any alteration whatsoever to be made in respect of the structure of the premises, without the consent of the Board.

13. Every person who shall not comply with any of the foregoing Bye-Laws relating to the structure of the premises shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of Five pounds, and in the case of a continuing offence, to a penalty of One pound for every day during which the offence may be continued after the conviction for the first offence. Provided always that the foregoing Bye-laws for regulating the structure of the premises shall not until after the expiration of six months from the date of the confirmation of the Bye-Laws be deemed to apply to any premises where at such date the business of a Fat Melter or Fat Extractor may be carried on.

Bye-Laws for Regulating the mode of Application for Sanction to New Establishment of the Business.

14. Every person who may apply to the Board for sanction to establish anew the business of a Fat Melter or Fat Extractor, shall furnish with the application a plan of the premises and sections of the buildings in which it is proposed to carry on such business, such plans and sections being drawn to a scale of a quarter of an inch to the foot, and showing the provision made or proposed to be made, for the drainage, lighting, ventilation, and water supply of such premises, and shall also furnish a key plan of the locality, showing the buildings and streets within one hundred yards of the premises, drawn to a scale of five feet to the mile.

(180) Bone Boiling.

This is peculiarly offensive, and the vapours will travel a long distance. The storage of the material and the conveyance to the factory are all possible sources of offence. At Deheer's manufactory, Hull, the process is conducted in a closed building, and the vapours from a covered boiling pan are conducted by a pipe passing through the wall of the building to an ordinary worm condenser outside. Such vapours as are not thus condensed go through a furnace fire. The result Dr. Ballard found not to be perfect, for the vapours escaped through cracks, and the condensed water passing into the drains at a high temperature would burst up through imperfectly sealed traps.

There is also nuisance after boiling, for recently boiled bones when heaped together evolve an offensive steam possessing a musty ammoniacal odour.

In all such operations as bone boiling there will be less nuisance if the operation is conducted in steam-jacketed pans than in those on which the fire plays direct, in the latter case the heat towards the end of the operation is apt to be raised too high, and then there is the production of empyreumatic stinking products.

The regulations which should be made as to this business are given, page 254.

(181) Soap Boiling, Soap Making.

In the manufacture of soap, various fats are boiled with soda lye, or if the manufacture be that of soft soap, the fats are boiled with potash lye; in this last manufacture various kinds of oils, such as fish oil, seal oil, rape oil, white oil, linseed or cotton oil, are used. The sources of nuisance are almost entirely due to the fats used, so that the same remedies are to be applied as detailed in fat melting, &c.

(182) Manufacture of Manure.

This is a somewhat indefinite appellation. Manure may be simply crushing bones, and manufacturing into superphosphate by the addition of sulphuric acid; in this case acid and irritating emanations may arise, unless the products are sufficiently condensed, or unless the products are conveyed by means of a tall chimney shaft into the upper regions of the atmosphere; or it may be the drying of condemned fish, or meat, by a steam-jacketed revolving pan, as practised on the east side of the Thames below Woolwich; manure is also manufactured from sewage sludge, and from a variety of other refuse. Nevertheless whatever the manufacture the general regulations are pretty well the same as those which may be applied to trades ejusdem generis.

In the metropolis the following bye-laws are in force governing the three or four trades just treated of:

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

THE SLAUGHTERHOUSES, &c. (METROPOLIS) ACT, 1874, 37 and 38 Vic., c. 67. BYE-LAWS for the regulation of the conduct of the business of a Blood Boiler, Bone Boiler, Manure Manufacturer, Soap Boiler, or Tallow Melter, within the limits of the Metropolis, as defined by this Act (except the City of London and the liberties thereof), and the structure of the premises on which any such business may be carried on.

In pursuance of the above Act, by which the Metropolitan Board of Works1 is constituted the Local Authority of the Metropolis, as defined in the said Act (except the City of London and the liberties thereof), the said Metropolitan Board of Works1 (for the purposes of these Bye-laws called the "Board"), doth hereby make the following Bye laws :

Bye-Laws for Regulating the Conduct of the Business.

1. Every Blood Boiler, Bone Boiler, Manure Manufacturer, Soap Boiler or Tallow Melter, shall cause every boiler, mixer, or other vessel from which any offensive or noxious vapour or gas may be evolved in any operation or process of his business, to be properly covered, and in all other respects to be so constructed and used as to cause all such vapour or gas to be effectually conveyed into, or through, a furnace fire, or otherwise to be prevented from escaping into the external atmosphere.

2. Every Blood Boiler, Bone Boiler, Manure Manufacture, Soap Boiler, or Tallow Melter, shall cause every room, chamber, or other place which may be used on or in connection with the premises where his business is carried on, for the purpose of receiving or storing any manufactured product, residue, or any other matter, from which any offensive vapour or gas may be evolved, to be furnished with suitable appliances, so constructed and used as to effectually prevent the escape of such vapour or gas iuto the external atmosphere. He shall at all times adopt such precautions and employ such means as may be necessary to cause all such vapour or gas to be conveyed into or through a furnace-fire or to be so condensed as to be effectually destroyed.

3. Every Blood Boiler, Bone Boiler, Manure Manufacturer, Soap Boiler, or Tallow Melter, shall cause all material, manufactured product, residue, refuse, or other

1 This is now to be read "London County Council."

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