31–33,

...

;

36- 39

...

(3) "and appeared even in the poetry that completely

belonged to the new time. (4) The prose was still much

affected by the Queen Anne style.

Section 2.-(1) The Revolution rendered the struggle with

the old spirit easier ; (2) yet, not finding free vent in politics

and public life, (3) it generated philanthropy in the active-

minded and sentimentalism in the indolently leisured, (4)

and only in the last decade of the century did its violent

forms find expression in literature.

33-36

Section 3.-(1) Sentimentality and romance were two of its

best literary safety-valves in England. (2) Romantic ✓
interest in the past revived the study of history, without
changing its method ; (3) although its philosophical treat-
now appeared and originated political economy, (4) and
the discussion of questions as to origins. (5) The same
growth of cosmopolitanism was shown by the increase of y
books of travel. (6) The East especially excited the
imagination. (7) But only towards the close of the period

is the influence on literature fully apparent.

Section 4.-(1) So the expansion of science only superficially

affected the poetry of the period ; (2) yet natural history had

advanced so far as to introduce into literature a new feeling

for nature ; (3) and the practical sciences became literary

material long before the speculative. (4) Optimism and

materialism existed side by side ; (5) and utilitarianism

came into being as a working philosophical principle. (6)

Science also made observation, thought, and the use of

language more exact. (7) Yet its full effect was not yet

attained.

40--44

Section 5.-(1) It is the same with the influence of art. (2)

...

Section 7.--(1) The great individualities of the Commons of

this period were bound to make oratory predominate ; (2)

for it was a period of great individualities throughout

Europe; but these were all absorbed by public life. (3)

In England the consciousness of the world-wide questions

and issues inspired the oratory.

54-56

Section 8.-(1) France was the great theme of the last

decade of the century. (2) But France all through the

period had greatly influenced the literary forms and style,

(3) French science and philosophy still more influenced

English literature, (4) but more as a subtle spirit than

as a mould.

56-59

Section 9.4(1) The political influence of other European

...

Section 2.-(1) French interpretation aided this philosophical

movement tuwards idealism. (2) But the more natural

influence of France was towards positivism. (3) French

science more deeply affected English literature than French

philosophy. (4) The dramatic and philosophical style of

French historians was acclimatised in England. (5) So too

was the sympathetic and imaginative style of French critics.

(6) France popularised the study of economics. (7) It

introduced a sensuous type of poetry. (8) French fiction

affected English novels, but still more English comedy.

(9) French mysticism tinged the literature of the Oxford

movement. (10) But older French thought and writings
still held their own.

70-75

Section 3.--(1) It was older Italy, too, that chiefly influenced

the English poets, Byron, Shelley, and Keats. (2) Yet

the struggle for freedom and progress affected English

literature as much as the Italian Church and the memories

of Italian art.

75–77

...

...

...

...

...

Section 4.-(1) The struggles of Poland, Greece, and Spain

drew English attention to them ; but it was the older
history and literature of the two latter that impressed the
imagination. (2) Scandinavian literature, both old and
new, began to have appreciable influence over English
writers. (3) The other countries of Europe gave but little
impulse to English literature during the period.

• 77-79

Section 5.-(1) But what stirred the English literary mind

most was the rapidly expanding English empire. (2) The

English language grew conscious of its great capacity and

drew new treasures from all sources. (3) Classical scholar-

ship was also refined and made more living, yet began to

take a subordinate place.

80-.82

...

...

Section 6.-(1) Most important was the rediscovery of the

/treasures of older English literature. (2) The new national
audience demanded a wider and more national vocabulary.
(3) The Latin elements of it were as much needed as the
Saxon, but came to be mastered by the imagination instead
of mastering it. (4) The foreign and native elements were
so amalgamated as to fit the purpose of every writer, and to
make the diction more flexible. (5) Lamb's Essays of Elia
furnish a crucial instance of the return on the older vocabu-
lary and literature ; it reveals that the new audience had pre-
served the older words and tastes. (6) The Authorised
Version and the books moulded upon it now supplied the
medium for addressing the new audience. (7) Shakespeare
had also become a national book and tinged the new
medium. (8) The audience having been again nationalized,
the cultured poets were again the popular poets.

. 824-90

Section 7.-(1) The spread of musical taste made lyricism

again dominant in poetry, and melody and harmony in

prose. (2) Sculpture, architecture, and painting had also

their moulding influence on the literature of the period.

(3) But the stage was the art that most influenced the

literature, even though it was not and would never again
become the national institution it had been in the Eliza-
bethan age. (4) The acting drama affected the fiction,
and the literary drama affected the poetry and the imag-
inative prose. (5) Verbatim reporting raised oratory into
a more accurate and thoughtful art. (6) And oratory
through journalism and the pulpit affected the style of

most writers.

90-95

Section 8.4(1) Astronomy first amongst the sciences

supplied new thought and illustration. (2) Geology and

biology revolutionised thought, and the minuter study of

nature that they introduced appeared in both poetry and

prose. (3) Science, in fact, changed the whole life of

imaginative literature.

95–97

Section 9.-(1) The kinship of man with the infinities first

became a source of poetic inspiration. (2) World-

anguish, arising from the dethronement of the ego,

combined with revolutionism, and became in some pessi-

mistic, in others optimistic. (3) Philosophy had to be

revised from the new point of view, and, as in all ages of

progressive science, its positivist revision was the domi-

nant. (4) But the positivist attitude in imaginative

literature is barren. (5) Science by resolving all matter

into energy and making it immortal has gradually

confirmed the idealistic attitude in literature ; (6) and

throughout the poetry and imaginative prose of the

period this predominates. (7) But science and the

positive attitude led to a religious reaction in the second

quarter of the century ; the Broad-church movement

influenced literature more widely and deeply than the

High-church movement.

97-102

Section 10.--(1) It was rather the practical application of

science that first influenced the popular audience. (2)

A new mediating literature arose to interpret cultured

and scientific results for the new classes.

102-104

Section II.--(1) The novel has gradually mastered the

...

CHAPTER IV.

ENGLISH POETRY OF THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION.

1750-1800.

Section 1.-(1) It needs a great poet in a period to make it

abandon precedent. (2) The poetry of this period is at

best one of tendencies. (3) The most prominent

tendency in the first half of it is to follow Pope. (4)

Johnson, in spite of his strong character, was mastered by

it. (5) In his poetry he adds a certain clumsy dignity of

his own to the Popian couplet. (6) Whilst conservative

in form and in political and religious spirit, he anticipates

the revolutionism of the new class in social opinions.

108-112

Section 2.-(1) Goldsmith is his true successor in poetry,

but carries the spirit of social revolt farther. (2) He is

nearer the coming age than Johnson, and more like to

Rousseau in his sentiments. (3) His Traveller chiefly

expresses the middle class love of hearth and home, and

the rising middle class philanthropy, and, whilst deploring

the evils of wealth and luxury, inconsistently closes with

a Johnsonian peroration on the safety of absolutism. (4)

It therefore became an English household book. (5)

The Deserted Village though less of a unity became

more popular, because it gave fullest expression to

the rising love of nature and romance. (6) It inaugur-

ated the poetry of regret which lingered round abandoned

hamlets or cottages. (7) The Wealth of Nations, pub-

lished soon after, elaborately refuted the economic fallacy

it expresses, but could not have so immediate an

effect as this poem so full of beautiful melody and

pictures of reminiscence. (8) The poem touched the

hearts of the newly urbanised masses, although a

moment's thought would have convinced them of the

inaccuracy of the assertion that men decay”. (9) He

defended the fallacy in his prose dedication, and seemed

quite unconscious that he was giving expression to the

rising revolutionism of Europe. (10) He is also with

the literary revolution, that was about to reject patronage,

to cast off the fetters of pedantry, and to abandon the

personal invective of satire. (11) His occasional verses

are best when they are humorous, and reveal in him a

vein not unlike Hood's.

112—123

Section 3.-(1) Crabbe is his successor, but, by his realistic

method and closer study of Pope, even in his first poem
Inebriety, misses the romantic tinge of Goldsmith, and
merits the name Pope in worsted stockings." (2)
Conservative though he was, and free from the
sentimental fallacy, his poetry belongs to the revolu-
tionism of the new time. (3) “Inebriety” paints with

...

66