31–33, ... ... ... (3) 'and appeared even in the poetry that completely belonged to the new time. (4) The prose was still much affected by the Queen Anne style. Section 2.-(1) The Revolution rendered the struggle with the old spirit easier ; (2) yet, not finding free vent in politics and public life, (3) it generated philanthropy in the active- minded and sentimentalism in the indolently leisured, (4) and only in the last decade of the century did its violent 33-36 best literary safety-valves in England. (2) Romantic ✓ 36- 39 Section 4.-(1) So the expansion of science only superficially affected the poetry of the period ; (2) yet natural history had advanced so far as to introduce into literature a new feeling for nature ; (3) and the practical sciences became literary material long before the speculative. (4) Optimism and materialism existed side by side ; (5) and utilitarianism came into being as a working philosophical principle. (6) Science also made observation, thought, and the use of language more exact. (7) Yet its full effect was not yet attained. 40--44 Section 5.-(1) It is the same with the influence of art. (2) The stage could never become national again, but, through comedy especially, moulded the modern novel. (3) Music after the Elizabethan era had not great influence over poetry or prose till the nineteenth century. (4) Architec- ture and sculpture began to attract imaginative writers and to mould their ideas. (5) But it was painting that most developed during the period and most influenced literature. (6) It came to be allied with literature in the illustration of books. (7) The result was greater picturesqueness in both poetry and prose. 44-51 Section 6.-(1) Literature was deeply affected by oratory, - which now reached its climax in England. (2) The 51-54 Section 7.--(1) The great individualities of the Commons of this period were bound to make oratory predominate ; (2) for it was a period of great individualities throughout Europe; but these were all absorbed by public life. (3) In England the consciousness of the world-wide questions and issues inspired the oratory. Section 8.-(1) France was the great theme of the last decade of the century. (2) But France all through the period had greatly influenced the literary forms and style. (3) French science and philosophy still more influenced English literature, (4) but more as a subtle spirit than Section 9.—(1) The political influence of other European countries was but small; (2) it was their older literature and not their contemporary that had most effect upon the English mind. (3) Ġermanism began to predominate at the close of the century. (4) At first it was not altogether wholesome. (5) German music assisted the lyrical move- ment of English poetry towards the close of the century. Section 1.-(1) But the great period of Germanism in our literature is 1800 to 1850. (2) It is the great period of experimentation in metre and verse, (3) and in prose rhythms and styles; (4) nay, the larger harmonies of German music have their analogies in prose. (5) Opera influenced the drama ;(6) and the sentimentalism of German plays held its own for a time ; (7) whilst the translations of Goethe's and Schiller's plays confirmed the tendency to a literary drama; (8) Faust especially had a deep influence upon English imaginative writers. (9) Goethe's Wilhelm Meister moulded the English philosophical novel. (10) The study of German brought back to English some of its older Teutonic habits. (u) So German scholarship led Englishmen back to the glories of their own literature ; (12) and recreated English scholarship, criticism, and his- tory. (13) But it was German philosophy that most influenced English thought and imaginative work. 63—70 Section 2.-(1) French interpretation aided this philosophical movement towards idealism. (2) But the more natural influence of France was towards positivism. (3) French science more deeply affected English literature than French philosophy. (4) The dramatic and philosophical style of French historians was acclimatised in England. (5) So too was the sympathetic and imaginative style of French critics. (6) France popularised the study of economics. (7) It introduced a sensuous type of poetry. (8) French fiction affected English novels, but still more English comedy, (9) French mysticism tinged the literature of the Oxford movement. (10) But older French thought and writings 70-75 Section 3.-- (1) It was older Italy, too, that chiefly influenced the English poets, Byron, Shelley, and Keats. (2) Yet the struggle for freedom and progress affected English ... Section 4.-(1) The struggles of Poland, Greece, and Spain drew English attention to them ; but it was the older .: 77–79 ... Section 5.-(1) But what stirred the English literary mind most was the rapidly expanding English empire. (2) The English language grew conscious of its great capacity and drew new treasures from all sources. (3) Classical scholar- ... ... ... Section 6.-(1) Most important was the rediscovery of the treasures of older English literature. (2) The new national 82--90 Section 7.-(1) The spread of musical taste made lyricism again dominant in poetry, and melody and harmony in prose. (2) Sculpture, architecture, and painting had also their moulding influence on the literature of the period. (3) But the stage was the art that most influenced the literature, even though it was not and would never again become the national institution it had been in the Eliza- bethan age. (4) The acting drama affected the fiction, and the literary drama affected the poetry and the imag- inative prose. (5) Verbatim reporting raised oratory into a more accurate and thoughtful art. (6) And oratory through journalism and the pulpit affected the style of Section 8.-(1) Astronomy first amongst the sciences supplied new thought and illustration. (2) Geology and biology revolutionised thought, and the minuter study of nature that they introduced appeared in both poetry and prose. (3) Science, in fact, changed the whole life of Section 9.-(1) The kinship of man with the infinities first became a source of poetic inspiration. (2) World- anguish, arising from the dethronement of the ego, combined with revolutionism, and became in some pessi- mistic, in others optimistic. (3) Philosophy had to be revised from the new point of view, and, as in all ages of progressive science, its positivist revision was the domi- nant. (4) But the positivist attitude in imaginative literature is barren. (5) Science by resolving all matter into energy and making it immortal has gradually confirmed the idealistic attitude in literature ; (6) and throughout the poetry and imaginative prose of the period this predominates. (7) But science and the positive attitude led to a religious reaction in the second quarter of the century ; the Broad-church movement influenced literature more widely and deeply than the Section 10. ---(1) It was rather the practical application of science that first influenced the popular audience. (2) A new mediating literature arose to interpret cultured and scientific results for the new classes. Section II.--(I) The novel has gradually mastered the whole of this mediating realm. (2) It absorbed the . the most popular form of literature. (4) Yet the novel still comes after poetry and the drama as a literary form Section 1.-(1) It needs a great poet in a period to make it abandon precedent. (2) The poetry of this period is at best one of tendencies. (3) The most prominent tendency in the first half of it is to follow Pope. (4) Johnson, in spite of his strong character, was mastered by it. (5) In his poetry he adds a certain clumsy dignity of his own to the Popian couplet. (6) Whilst conservative in form and in political and religious spirit, he anticipates the revolutionism of the new class in social opinions. Section 2.4(1) Goldsmith is his true successor in poetry, but carries the spirit of social revolt farther. (2) He is pictures of reminiscence. (8) The poem touched the hearts of the newly urbanised masses, although a moment's thought would have convinced them of the inaccuracy of the assertion that “men decay”. (9) He detended the fallacy in his prose dedication, and seemed quite unconscious that he was giving expression to the rising revolutionism of Europe. (10) He is also with the literary revolution, that was about to reject patronage, to cast off the fetters of pedantry, and to abandon the personal invective of satire. (11) His occasional verses are best when they are humorous, and reveal in him a Section 3.-(1) Crabbe is his successor, but, by his realistic method and closer study of Pope, even in his first poem |