... ... ... (3) and appeared even in the poetry that completely belonged to the new time. (4) The prose was still much Section 2.-(1) The Revolution rendered the struggle with the old spirit easier; (2) yet, not finding free vent in politics and public life, (3) it generated philanthropy in the active- minded and sentimentalism in the indolently leisured, (4) and only in the last decade of the century did its violent ... 31-33, 33-36 Section 3.—(1) Sentimentality and romance were two of its Section 4. (1) So the expansion of science only superficially affected the poetry of the period; (2) yet natural history had advanced so far as to introduce into literature a new feeling for nature; (3) and the practical sciences became literary material long before the speculative. (4) Optimism and materialism existed side by side; (5) and utilitarianism came into being as a working philosophical principle. (6) Science also made observation, thought, and the use of Section 5.-(1) It is the same with the influence of art. The stage could never become national again, but, through comedy especially, moulded the modern novel. (3) Music after the Elizabethan era had not great influence over poetry or prose till the nineteenth century. (4) Architec- ture and sculpture began to attract imaginative writers and to mould their ideas. (5) But it was painting that most developed during the period and most influenced literature. (6) It came to be allied with literature in the illustration of books. (7) The result was greater picturesqueness in both Section 6.-(1) Literature was deeply affected by oratory, ... ... ... 36-39 40--44 44-51 51-54 ... Section 7.--(1) The great individualities of the Commons of this period were bound to make oratory predominate; (2) for it was a period of great individualities throughout Europe; but these were all absorbed by public life. (3) In England the consciousness of the world-wide questions and issues inspired the oratory. Section 8.-(1) France was the great theme of the last decade of the century. (2) But France all through the period had greatly influenced the literary forms and style. (3) French science and philosophy still more influenced English literature, (4) but more as a subtle spirit than Section 9.—(1) The political influence of other European countries was but small; (2) it was their older literature and not their contemporary that had most effect upon the English mind. (3) Germanism began to predominate at the close of the century. (4) At first it was not altogether wholesome. (5) German music assisted the lyrical move- ment of English poetry towards the close of the century. ... 54-56 56-59 59-62 Section 1.-(1) But the great period of Germanism in our 63-70 Section 2.-(1) French interpretation aided this philosophical movement towards idealism. (2) But the more natural influence of France was towards positivism. (3) French science more deeply affected English literature than French philosophy. (4) The dramatic and philosophical style of French historians was acclimatised in England. (5) So too was the sympathetic and imaginative style of French critics. (6) France popularised the study of economics. (7) It introduced a sensuous type of poetry. (8) French fiction affected English novels, but still more English comedy. still held their own. Section 3.--(1) It was older Italy, too, that chiefly influenced the English poets, Byron, Shelley, and Keats. (2) Yet the struggle for freedom and progress affected English .. 75-77 ... Section 5.-(1) But what stirred the English literary mind most was the rapidly expanding English empire. (2) The English language grew conscious of its great capacity and drew new treasures from all sources. (3) Classical scholar- Section 6.—(1) Most important was the rediscovery of the ... 77-79 80--82 82-90 Section 7.-(1) The spread of musical taste made lyricism again dominant in poetry, and melody and harmony in prose. (2) Sculpture, architecture, and painting had also their moulding influence on the literature of the period. (3) But the stage was the art that most influenced the literature, even though it was not and would never again become the national institution it had been in the Eliza- bethan age. (4) The acting drama affected the fiction, and the literary drama affected the poetry and the imag- inative prose. (5) Verbatim reporting raised oratory into a more accurate and thoughtful art. (6) And oratory Section 8.-(1) Astronomy first amongst the sciences supplied new thought and illustration. (2) Geology and biology revolutionised thought, and the minuter study of nature that they introduced appeared in both poetry and Section 9.-(1) The kinship of man with the infinities first became a source of poetic inspiration. (2) World- anguish, arising from the dethronement of the ego, combined with revolutionism, and became in some pessi- mistic, in others optimistic. (3) Philosophy had to be revised from the new point of view, and, as in all ages of progressive science, its positivist revision was the domi- nant. (4) But the positivist attitude in imaginative literature is barren. (5) Science by resolving all matter into energy and making it immortal has gradually confirmed the idealistic attitude in literature; (6) and throughout the poetry and imaginative prose of the period this predominates. (7) But science and the positive attitude led to a religious reaction in the second quarter of the century; the Broad-church movement Section 10.--(1) It was rather the practical application of ... Section II.--(1) The novel has gradually mastered the ... 90-95 95-97 97-102 102-104 104-107 CHAPTER IV. ENGLISH POETRY OF THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION. 1750-1800. Section 1. (1) It needs a great poet in a period to make it but carries the spirit of social revolt farther. (2) He is ... ... Section 3.-(1) Crabbe is his successor, but, by his realistic 108-112 112-123 |