Los odors of things which are not eatable." Nevertheless, along artistic lines, the Iroquois had made considerable advance, especially in regard to the decoration of clothing and utensils. kiel says that in matters of dress the Iroquois set the fashion for the neighboring tribes, having means and leisure for this, as well as high rank.2 The festal costumes of the Iroquois were elaborately decorated with embroidery and dyes of various colors. In decorating skins, they took great pains, first cutting in the desired outlines, then coloring with paints made from certain red earth found on the shores of lakes and rivers, and also with juices and ashes of plants. Leggings were often embroidered with elk hair dyed red or yellow and trimmed with a fringe of porcupine quills, stained scarlet. Other garments also were often beautified in this way. Their tools and utensils were also often elaborately decorated; for instance, on the handles of wooden ladles were sometimes carved human figures, animals, etc. In general, the Iroquois displayed much taste and ingenuity in this sort of ornamentation. 5 '4 In conclusion, one is justified in ascribing to economic conditions among the Iroquois the origin of the chief features of their general culture and intelligence. Their manner of production, on the one hand, accounts for the extent of their knowledge of certain sciences and natural laws, and also for their method of computing time: on the other hand, their methods of production explain the development of their system of communication and record-keeping, and of their social life and its consequent characteristics: finally, their general economic prosperity accounts for their preeminence along artistic lines. In short, the general culture of the Iroquois was neither greater nor less in extent than might have been deduced from a knowledge of their economic situation. 2 1 Cf. ante, p. 263, note 2. Beauchamp, "Iroquois Trail," p. 118. Cf. Lafitau, II, 54 sq., 58; Jes. Rel., LXII, 179; XXXVIII, 249. Lafitau, II, 33, 35. 4 Jes. Rel., LXVIII, 265; LXIV, 293. 5 Morgan, “League," p. 383; Holmes, Eth. Rep., 1880-1881, p. 230. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I. EARLY FRENCH MISSIONARIES AND EXPLORERS. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 16101791. (73 vols.) Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland, The Burrows Brothers Co. MDCCCXCVI. "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des Missions étrangères par quelques Missionaries de la Compagnie de Jesus." Paris, 1712-1736. 23 vols. Boucher. "Histoire véritable et naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France, vulgairement dite le Canada." Paris, 1664. Champlain. “Voyages de la Nouvelle France." Paris, 1632. Charlevoix. "Histoire et Description Générale de la Nouvelle France." Paris, 1774. De Laët. "Novus Orbus, seu descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis libri, XVIII." French trans. Elzevir, 1640. 66 Citry de la Guette. 'Histoire de la Conquête de la Floride." Paris, 1665. Hennepin. "Description de la Louisiane." Paris, 1683. "A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America." London, 1698. Lafitau. 'Moeurs des Sauvages Amériquains." Paris, 1724. 66 La Hontan. Tome Premier; "Nouveaux Voyages de . . . dans l'Amérique Septentrionale." 66 Tome Second; Mémoires de l'Amérique Septentrionale; ou, La Suite des Voyages de M. le Baron de La Hontan." La Haye, MDCCIII. La Potherie. "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale." Paris, 1722. Le Clercq. "Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie, qui contient les Moeurs et la Religion des Sauvages Gaspesiens." Paris, 1691. 66 Lescarbot. 'Histoire de la Nouvelle France." Paris, 1609. Margry. "Mémoires et Documents." Paris, 1679. Perrot. "Mémoire sur les Moeurs des Sauvages de l'Amérique Septentrionale." Ed. by Tailhan. Paris et Leipzig, 1864. 66 Sagard. 'Histoire du Canada." Paris, 1686. Thévenot. "Recueil des Voyages." Paris, 1687. II. ENGLISH AND OTHER SOURCES. Bancroft, Hubert Howe. "Native Races of the Pacific States." San Francisco, 1886. 5 vols. Barton, George A. "A Sketch of Semitic Origins." New York, London, 1902. Bartram, John. "Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions, and other Matters worthy of Notice, made by Mr. John Bartram in his travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, etc.” London, 1751. (Reprint, Rochester, 1895.) Beauchamp, W. M. "The Origin of the Iroquois." Amer. Antiq., Vol. XVI, p. 61. "The Iroquois Trail, or Footprints of the Six Nations in Customs, Traditions and History." Fayetteville, N. Y., 1892. 66 Wampum Belts of the Six Nations." Amer. Antiq., II, 228. N. Y. State Museum Bulletins; 1897-1903. 66 No. 16. 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Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans., Vol. 1, p. 1. Hewitt, J. N. B. "The Cosmogonic Gods of the Iroquois.” Proc. Amer. Association Adv. Sci., 1895, p. 241. Holmes, W. H. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 1880-1881, p. 185. "Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans." Life of Mary Jemison. New York, 1856. Jenks, A. E. "Faith as a Factor in the Economic Life of the Amerind." Amer. Anthrop., 1900, Vol. II, No. 4, p. 676. Keasbey, L. M. "The Institution of Society." Internat. Monthly, 1900, 66 I, 355. 'Prestige Value." Q. J. Econ., 1903, Vol. XVII, p. 456. 'A Classification of Economies." Proc. Amer. Philosophical Society, 1902, Vol. XLI, No. 169. Loskiel. "Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians of North America." London, 1794. Mason, Otis. "Origins of Inventions." New York, 1895. Marshall, O. H. "The First Visit of De la Salle to the Senecas, made in 1669." Buffalo, 1874. Morgan, L. H. "League of the Ho-de-no-san-nee, or Iroquois." Rochester, 1851. New York, 1901. Edited by H. M. Lloyd. 2 vols. "Houses and Houselife of the American Aborigines." U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surveys Contrib. to American Ethnology, IV. Washington, 1881. 66 Ancient Society." New York, 1877. Parkman. "The Jesuits in North America." Boston, 1890. Payne, E. J. 66 'History of America." Oxford, 1899. 2 vols. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Powell, J. W. 1881-1882, p. xxxviii. "Kinship and the Tribe; Kinship and the Clan." 66 1879-1880, p. 57. 'Wyandot Government." Ruttenber, E. M. "History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River." Albany, 1872. Schoolcraft. “Notes on the Iroquois." New York, 1846. 66 "History of the Indian Tribes." Philadelphia, 1851-1857. 6 vols. Shea, J. G. Historical Sketch of the Tionontates, or Dinondadies, now called Wyandots." Historical Magazine, 1861, V. 262. Smith (Erminie). "Myths of the Iroquois." Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-1881, p. 51. 66 Woodward. 'Wampum; a paper presented to the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia." Albany, 1878. Maps, Ethnolog. Report, 1885-1886. N. Y. State Museum Bulletins, No. 31; No. 32. 1900. Jesuit Relations, Vol. I. Morgan. "League of the Iroquois." New Edition, 1901. VITA. SARA HENRY STITES was born in Wyoming, Pennsylvania, July 20, 1877. She received her preparatory training at the Wilkes-Barre Institute, and entered Bryn Mawr College in 1895, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1899, and that of Master of Arts in 1900. During the year 1899-1900 she was Graduate Scholar in Economics and History in Bryn Mawr College. In the spring of 1900 she was awarded the President M. Carey Thomas European Fellowship, and went abroad for a year's study at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France. Here she divided her time between private research at the Bibliotèque Nationale, and attendance at the lectures of Professors Marcel Dubois, Leroy-Beaulieu, and Levasseur. During the winter of 1901-1902 she studied at the University of Leipzig, devoting her time to work in connection with the Ethnographic and Geographic seminars in the department of Professor Ratzel, and to attendance at the lectures of Professors Ratzel, Bücher, Stieda, and Weule. On her return to America, she was awarded the Scholarship in Economics in Bryn Mawr College for the years 1902-1904. In the spring of 1904, she passed examinations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, offering as her Major subject, Economics and Politics; and as her Minor subject, American and English Constitutional History. Her studies at Bryn Mawr were directed by Professors Lindley M. Keasbey, Charles M. Andrews, Frederick W. Jones, and W. R. Smith. For assistance and encouragement in her private work, the writer's thanks are due to Professor Marcel Dubois of the Sorbonne, Professor Friedrich Ratzel of the University of Leipzig, and especially to Professor Lindley M. Keasbey of Bryn Mawr College. |