tering the copyright, the words: 'copyright, 18—,

"The law imposes a penalty of one hundred dollars upon any person who has not obtained copyright who shall insert the notice Entered according to act of congress,' or 'copyright,' etc., or words of the same import, in or upon any book or article.

(5) Translations.-"Any author may reserve the right to translate or dramatize his own work. In this case notice should be given by printing the words 'Right of translation reserved,' or 'All rights reserved,' below the notice of copyright entry, and notifying the librarian of congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the record.

"Since the phrase 'all rights reserved' refers exclusively to authors' rights to dramatize or to translate, it has no bearing upon any particular publication except original works, and will not be entered upon the records in other cases.

(6) Duration of Copyright.-"The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years. Within six months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for a further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years in all.

Renewals."Applications for renewals must be accompanied by explicit statement of ownership, in the case of the author, or of the relationship, in the case of his heirs, and must state definitely the date and place of entry of the original copyright. Advertisement of renewal is to be made within two months of date of renewal certificate, in some newspaper for four weeks.

(7) Time of Publication. "The time within which any work entered for copyright may be issued from the press is not limited by law or regulation, but depends upon the discretion of the proprietor. A copyright may be secured for a projected work as well as a completed one. But the law provides for no caveat, or notice of interference, only for actual entry of title.

(8) Assignments.—"A copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the librarian of congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar, and for a certified copy of any record of assignment, one dollar.

(9) Copies of Duplicate Certificates.-"A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate of fifty cents each.

(10) Serials, or Separate Publications. "In the case of books published in more than one volume, or of periodicals published in numbers, or of engravings, photographs, or other articles published with variation, a copyright is to be entered for each volume or part of a book, or number of the periodical, or variety as to style, title, or inscription, of any other article. But a book published serially in a periodical, under the same general title, requires only one entry. To complete the copyright on such a work, two copies of each serial part, as well as of the complete work (if published separately), must be deposited.

(11) Copyrights for Works of Art.-"To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, so

as to prevent infringement by copying, engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the application for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as 'cabinet size,' should be mailed to the librarian of congress within ten days from the completion of the work or design.

(12) No Labels or Names Copyright. -"Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor upon mere names of companies or articles, nor upon prints or labels intended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must be made to the patent-office, where they are registered at a fee of six dollars for labels, and twenty-five dollars for trade-marks.

(13) "Citizens or residents of the United States only are entitled to copyright.

(14) Full Name of Proprietor Required.-"Every applicant for a copyright should state distinctly the full name and residence of the claimant, and whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required.”

PATENTS. The United States government grants letters-patent to "inventors or discoverers of any new or useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement on such, which had been previously unknown, and which had not been used by others, and which had not been on sale or in public use for more than two years prior to the application for a patent." This business is conducted in Washington, in the patent-office, under the direction and control of the commissioner of patents, who receives applications and superintends the granting and issuing