of monetary exchange came into vogue, leathers, hides, pieces of metals and other commodities were used as currency.

Then came money values or stamped metals or paper form with the endorsement or guarantee giving confidence according to ability to pay—even up to the time of the civil war the moneys of the various states were valued upon the ability or security involved, until we have today an almost perfect system of currency based upon sound principles and enjoying the confidence of the world. All this has come through co-operation and the fine confidence manifested in our government.

Again we have the common law for all, applied by judicial courts alike for all the people with comparative justice in the administration. The laws, the courts and administration of the laws are all the products of the people in common. Thus from the point of economy, liberty of action and promised justice the co-operative spirit as related to laws and their application both in civil and criminal procedure has advanced to a point of almost complete confidence.

It is shown in our police system, the product of common approval insuring society against the vicious and criminal classes, inspires confidence and allows men to devote their energies to the higher things instead of having them paralyzed by fear and insecurity.

In our educational system we find the co-operative spirit working out most beautifully where all the people join by a common system of taxation to provide means for the education of all the children, rich and poor alike.

In this phase of co-operation all are pointed to the highest ideals and may be found in equality before the law, society and educational advantage.

It is shown in the use of our streets, our water systems,

our health departments, our sanitary provisions, our hospitals to serve the poor and rich alike, our common Sabbath or day of rest for all, holidays, etc. None of these fine provisions of society could be ours were it not for the spirit of co-operation so manifest by all.

Then we may look further to the great railroad systems, freight and passenger travel systems, provided by the spirit of co-operation as found in the associations of man and the financing of these great systems in order that all the people may enjoy these privileges.

Men, women and children may travel around the world with almost perfect security on rails and steamships provided by men they never saw or need to see upon the payment of a small profit on the original investment.

We live in our house built by men we never saw or knew, build our fires with coal and wood furnished from mine and forest amid all the dangers of mining and milling; and we eat our breakfast with knives, forks and spoons made thousands of miles away by men of foreign tongue or nativity. We dress ourselves, put on our shoes and walk upon our carpets made and furnished by men and women and children whose names and language we can scarcely guess. We read our newspapers every morning furnished by men working throughout the night amid telegraph wires, type, machinery and the clicking of wheels and rolls, little thinking that we are enjoying privileges which were unknown to the kings of earth a few centuries ago. We send our children to school to teachers whose lives have been spent, many of them, 'mid the hardships of student life and self-abnegation.

Our families ride upon the street cars or in automobiles built thousands of miles distant and no questions asked if you can only pay the small fare-and upon electrical railroads whose power comes from the water falls

of the high Sierras or the rapidly flowing river many miles away. We attend churches whose preachers perhaps have striven amid humble surroundings to meet the requirement of present-day demands.

Our hats and ornaments alike are provided by men whose lives are spent amid the cold winters of far north or in the hot and sunny climes of the southland. We pay the price and obtain the goods.

Our electric system supplies the lights for house or power for machinery carried from far distant plants. We ask no questions as to how.

The moving-picture may thrill our minds and the lessons of the screen charm our vision, yet we may never consider the necessary co-operation and fine adjustments required to produce the wonderful effect in the combination employed. The theater itself is a marvel of beauty and architecture provided under this wonderful law of co-operation among men.

So when we dwell upon these laws of co-operation, as they work out among men, and note the fine spirit of confidence manifested, we might wish that a modern Psalmist might write his findings and in an inspired vision paint in language understood by every human being, the wonderful manifestations of God's goodness in instilling into the mind and soul of men this spirit of confidence and co-operation which is working out so beautifully for mankind into the better way and perfect day.

THE PHYSICAL MACHINE

Each system ever working true,

And helping in its station;
They teach a lesson to mankind

And show Co-operation.

They all combine in nature's task
To serve the King in action,
Each part and system in its place
Is suited to its function.

Each separate would miss the mark
And die in the endeavour;
But in the combination strong,
Goes on and on forever.

TOPICAL SUGGESTIONS:

1. The development of phases of government.

2. The patriarchal, tribal, state and national governments and their functions in development of the race.

3. Wonderful spirit of co-operation as nations and governments advance.

4. Co-operation in industrial pursuits, commercial and social life.

5. Our common currency, common law, common courts, and common schools, common system of taxation, common police force, streets and water system in common.

6. The practice of co-operation has developed confidence and abilities to plan and execute on a large scale. Co-operation cements and concentrates effort.

7. Confidence, the mainstay of all social and commercial relations, is developed by co-operation.

8. Co-operation with confidence is working out the summum bonum for mankind.

I

XI

PROVIDENCES OF LIFE

N our several spheres, busy amid the stream of

events as they come flowing into our lives, we are

liable to think only of the more tangible things and neglect recognition of Divine Providence as manifest to those who regard more closely the happenings and events as they dovetail into one another. These providences are recognized by thoughtful men. Our purpose is to show in a measure how these providential occurrences have served as pivotal points in history, changing both form and ideals of civilization.

As we look about and note the wise provision in nature, with its many forms of life and the harmonious articulation of these forms, as they function in their evident purpose, we marvel.

If we consult the horticulturist or botanist he will take up the microscope and point out the provision made with stamen, calix and corrola and pistle both for seed for propagation and food supply most marvelous.

As we take a step higher and enter the field of Physiology, the physician will show you how wonderfully nature has provided for all reasonable eventualities, covering the time of conception of life to the years when the child is expected to be self-sustaining, and even to old age.

As we consider other fields of science and mark how nature has provided through the many laws of chemistry, dynamics, astronomy and geology for the welfare