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as with historic places, persons, incidents. I need only allude to the large field of ceremonies, rites, and formalities that are cherished as enlarging the surface of emotional growths. The Fine Art problem of distinguishing between original and derived effects consists in more precisely estimating these acquired pleasures.

The educationist could not but cast a longing eye over the wide region here opened up, as a grand opportunity for his art. It is the realm of vague possibility, peculiarly suited to sanguine estimates. An education in happiness pure and simple, by well-placed joyous associations, is a dazzling prospect. One of Sydney Smith's pithy sayings was 'If you make children happy now, you make them happy twenty years hence, by the memory of it.' This referred no doubt to the home life. It may, however, be carried out also in the school life; and enthusiasm has gone the length of supposing that the school may be so well constituted as to efface the stamp of an unhappy home.

The growth of such happy associations is not the work of days; it demands years. I have endeavoured to set forth the psychology of the case,' and do not here repeat the principles and conditions that seem to be involved. But the thread of the present exposition would be snapt, if I were not to ask attention to the difference in the rate of growth when the feelings are painful; in which case, the progress is not so tedious, nor is it so liable to thwarting and interruption.

With understood exceptions, pleasure is related physically with vitality, health, vigour, harmonious adjustment of all the parts of the system; it needs sufficiency The Emotions and the Will, 3rd edit., p. 89.

of nutriment or support, excitement within due limits, the absence of everything that could mar or irritate any organ. Pain comes of the deficiency in any of these conditions, and is, therefore, as easy to bring about and maintain as the other is difficult. To evoke an echo or recollection of pleasure, is to secure, or at least to simulate, the copiousness, the due adjustment and harmony, of the powers. This may be easy enough when such is the actual state at the time, but that is no test. What we need is to induce a pleasurable tone, when the actuality is no more than indifferent or neutral, and even, in the midst of actual pain, to restore pleasure by force of mental adhesiveness. A growth of this description is, on à priori grounds, not likely to be soon reached.

On the other hand, pain is easy in the actual, and easy in the ideal. It is easy to burn one's fingers, and easy to associate pain with a flame, a cinder, a hot iron. Going as spectators to visit a fine mansion, we feel in some degree elated by the associations of enjoyment; but we are apt to be in a still greater degree depressed by entering the abodes of wretchedness, or visiting the gloomy chambers of a prison.

2. The facility of painful growths is not fully comprehended, until we advert to the case of Passionate. Outbursts, or the modes of feeling whose characteristic is Explosiveness. These costly discharges of vital energy are easy to induce at first hand, and easy to attach to indifferent things, so as to be induced at second hand likewise. Very rarely are they desirable in themselves; our study is to check and control them in their original operation, and to hinder the rise of new occasions for their display. One of the best examples is Terror; an

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even in tender That combina

explosive and wasteful manifestation of energy under certain forms of pain. If it is frequently stimulated by its proper causes, it attaches itself to bystanding circumstances with fatal readiness, and proceeds with no tardy steps. Next is Irascibility; also an explosive emotion. It too, if ready to burst out by its primary causes, soon enlarges its borders by new associations. It is in every way more dangerous than terror. The state of fear is so miserable that we would restrain it if we could. The state of anger, although containing painful elements, is in its nature a luxurious mood; and we may not wish either to check it in the first instance, or to prevent its spreading over collateral things. When anyone has stirrred our irascibility to its depths, the feeling overflows upon all that relates to him. If this be pleasure, it is a pleasure of rapid growth; years we may be advanced in hatreds. tion of terror and irascibility giving rise to what is named Antipathy is (unless strongly resisted) a state easy to assume and easy to cultivate, and is in wide contrast with the slow growth of the pleasures typified under the foregoing head. A signal illustration of explosiveness is furnished by Laughter, which has both its original causes, and its factitious or borrowed stimulants. This is an instance where the severity of the agitation provokes self-control, and where advancing years contract rather than enlarge the sphere. As the expression of disparaging and scornful emotions, its cultivation has the facility of the generic passion of malevolence. We may refer, next, to the explosive emotion of Grief, which is in itself seductive, and, if uncontrolled, adds to its primary urgency the force of a habit all too readily

acquired. There is, moreover, in connection with the Tender Emotion, an explosive mode of genuine affection, of which the only defect is its being too strong to last; it prompts to a degree of momentary ardour that is compatible with a relapse into coldness and neglect. This, too, will spontaneously extend itself, and will exemplify the growth of emotional association with undesirable rapidity.

What has now been said is but a summary and representation of familiar emotional facts. Familiar also is the remark that explosiveness is the weakness of early life, and is surmounted to a great degree by the lapse of time and the strengthening of the energies. The encounter with others in every-day life begets restraint and control; and one's own prudential reflections stimulate a further repression of the original outbursts, by which also their growth into habits is retarded. In so far as they are repressed by influence from without, and counter-habits established, as a part of moral education, I have elsewhere stated what I consider the two main conditions of such a result-a powerful initiative, and an unbroken series of conquests. When these conditions are exemplified through all the emotions in detail, the specialities of the different genera -Fear, Anger, Love, and the rest are sufficiently obvious.

3. The chief interest always centres in those associations that, from their bearing on conduct as right and wrong, receive the name 'Moral.' The class just described have this bearing in a very direct form; while the bearing of the first class is only indirect. But when we approach the subject with an express view to moral

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culture, we must cross the field of emotional association in general by a new track.

Moral improvement is obviously a strengthening of this so-called Moral Faculty, or Conscience-increasing its might (in Butler's phrase) to the level of its right. But in order to strengthen an energy we must know what it is if it is a simple, we must define it in its simplicity; if it is a compound, we must assign its elements, with a view to defining them. The unconventional handling of moral culture by Bentham and by James Mill is strongly illustrative of this part of the case. Mill's view of the Moral Sense is the theory of thorough-going derivation; and, in delineating the process of Moral Education, he naturally follows out that view. He takes the cardinal virtues piecemeal; for example:-'Temperance bears a reference to pain and pleasure. The object is, to connect with each pain and pleasure those trains of ideas which, according to the order established among events, tend most effectually to increase the sum of pleasures upon the whole, and diminish that of pains.' The advocates of a Moral Faculty would have a different way of inculcating Temperance, which, however, I will not undertake to reproduce.

sure.

It will not be denied, as a matter of fact, that the perennial mode of ensuring the moral conduct of mankind has been punishment and reward-pain and pleaThis method has been found, generally speaking, to answer the purpose; it has reached the springs of action of human beings of every hue. No special mental endowment has been needed to make man dread the pains of the civil authority. Constituted as we are to flee all sorts of pain, we are necessarily urged to avoid pain