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is a passage in Virgil which I think has not yet been fully understood, for want of attending to an antique custom. It is Eclog. i. 34.

Quamvis multa meis exiret victima septis,

Pinguis et ingratæ premeretur caseus urbi,

Non unquam gravis are domum mihi dextra redibat.

Tityrus says, that while he was enamoured of his first mistress, he never could thrive, notwithstanding all the care and pains he took; his right hand never came home heavy from market. Now, though it be a common expression to say a handful of money, or to go empty-handed, yet this is not all, for there seems to be here an allusion to that custom which the ancients had of carrying their purse in their right-hand; and in a gem of Leonardo Agostino, Part I. No. 199, there is a figure of Mercury, who was the god of gain, with a purse in that hand. But I will cite you a passage from the Eneid, which is perfectly unintelligible, unless you have recourse to this custom to explain it. Eneid vi. 613, he enumerates amongst the damned those who had defrauded their masters,

Nec veriti dominorum fallere dextras.

But how should fallere dextras express robbing a master, unless the reader happens to recollect, that the purse was usually carried in that hand? When that is once known, the phrase becomes instantly clear and very expressive, and the two passages in the Eneid and Eclogue very happily and very finely illustrate one another.

1756, March.

Yours, &c.

PAUL GEMSEGE.

XXIII. Comment on the old Play of Albumazar.

MR. URBAN,

MR. DODSLEY has presented the world with a select collection of old plays in twelve volumes; I hope it has answered to him as a tradesman, for I am sure we are greatly

* See also Spence's Polymetis, Montfaucon, and other authors.

obliged to him for the undertaking, since the original editions of many of these dramatic performances are now grown so scarce, that it is difficult to make any tolerable assemblage of them; and could that be done, yet it would amount to a very considerable expence. But, Sir, I have sometimes been of opinion, that a thirteenth volume is still wanting, which I propose should contain a series of necessary remarks upon the several plays in the collection; sometimes to give a critique upon the plot, or to deduce a short history of the play; sometimes to explain an old custom or piece of history, which are often alluded to; and at other times to expound an obsolete word or antique phrase. And certainly I must think, since Cicero has declared, "mihi quidam nulli satis eruditi videntur, quibus nostra ignota sunt,' to comment upon these old plays must be every whit as laudable, and even as useful, as to explain a tragedy of Sophocles, or a comedy of Aristophanes, upon which the literati, with great pomp and ceremony, will often lay out themselves, and consume an infinite deal of time.

But to make you the more sensible of what I would have done, and therewith to give you a specimen, as it were, of the design proposed, I will here take the comedy of Albumazar, the first in the ninth volume, and not the least valuable in Mr. Dodsley's collection, and offer a few necessary illustrations upon it.

The account Mr. Dodsley gives us of this piece is this: "I can give no account of this play, or its author, but that it was acted before his majesty at Cambridge, by the gentlemen of Trinity college, and printed in 1634. It was afterwards thought worthy of being revived by Mr. Dryden, &c." By this one is led to imagine it was written in King Charles the First's time, who was upon the throne in 1634. Mr. Dodsley, I presume, took his account from the title, as likewise did the author of a book intitled, "The lives and characters of the English dramatic Poets," printed 1698, or then abouts, where the author registering this piece amongst the unknown authors, at p. 156, writes "Albumazar, a comedy 4to. 1534, played at Cambridge before the king, by the gentlemen of Trinity College; afterwards revived at the king's house, with a new prologue written by Mr. Dryden."

The play passes, you see, Sir, for the work of an unknown author, and is supposed to have been acted in the reign of King Charles I. and thirdly, it is intimated that the first

*Cic. de Finibus. Lib. 1.

edition of it was A. D. 1634. But in regard to these parti culars I shall here discover the author, and at the same time rectify the two latter suggestions.

King James I. made a progress to Cambridge and other parts, in the winter of the year 1614, as is particularly taken notice of by Rapin, vol. ii. p. 156, who observes, that the play called Ignoramus was then acted before his Majesty at Cambridge, and gave him infinite pleasure. I found in the library of Sir Edward Derring, a minute in manuscript, of what passed at Cambridge for the five days the king stayed there, which I shall here transcribe, for it accords perfectly with the account given by the historian, both of the king's progress, and the play intitled Ignoramus, and at the same time will afford us the best light to the matter in hand.

"On Tuesday the 7th of March, 1514, was acted before the king in Trinity College Hall,

1. Æmilia, a Latin comedy, made by Mr. Cecill, Johannis. On Wednesday night,

2. Ignoramus the Lawyer, latine, and part English; composed by Mr. Ruggle, Clarensis.

On Thursday.

3. Albumazar the astronomer, in English, by Mr. Tomkis, Trinit.

On Friday,

4. Melanthe, a Latin pastoral, made by Mr. Brookes, (mox doctor) Trinitatis.

On the next Monday,

5. The Piscatory, an English comedy, was acted before the university, in King's College, which master Fletcher of that college had provided if the king should have tarried another night."

And the king, before whom this comedy was first played, was not King Charles, but King James, and the author of it was Mr. Tomkis, of Trinity College, in the University of Cambridge, the gentlemen of which house played it, as I apprehend, in that college hall. Now this little portion of history is very signally verified by an edition of this play in 4to. A. D. 1614, which has happily come into my hands, and in the title of which is mentioned the very day of acting, consonant to the above manuscript minute. "Albu mazar, a comedy presented before the king's majestie at Cambridge, the ninth of March 1614, by the gentlemen of Trinitie Colledge. London, printed by Nicholas Okes, for Walter Burre, 1615." I have a copy likewise of Dr. Brooke's Latin pastoral, intitled Melanthe, the title whereof runs, "Melanthe, fabula pastoralis, acta cum Jacobus Magnæ

Brit. Franc. et Hiberniæ Rex, Cantabrigiam suam nuper inviserat, ibidemque musarum atque animi gratia dies quinque commoraretur. Egerunt Alumni Coll. San. et individuæ Trinitatis, Cantabrigiæ. Excudebat Cantrellus Legge, Mart. 27, 1615." It is remarkable that in this exemplar, which formerly belonged to Matthew Hutton, the names of the masters of arts and bachelors, concerned in acting the play, are written against the respective dramatis personæ..

Now, Sir, as to the play of Albumazar, which may justly be esteemed one of the very best in this large collection, it takes its name from the principal character, a pretended astrologer, whom Mr. Tomkis thought fit to call Albumazar, from a learned Arabian astrologer of that name, that flourished in the ninth or tenth century,

Mr. Dryden, who, by making the observation, seems to have been well aware of the antiquity of this play, would intimate to us, that Ben Jonson formed his Alchymist upon the model of Albumazar, which indeed is doing Mr. Tomkis great honour, for the Alchymist is generally supposed to be the masterpiece of the learned Ben. These are his words.

And Jonson (of those few [writers] the best) chose this, As the best model of his master-piece;

Subtle was got by our Albumazar,

That Alchymist by our Astrologer;

Here he was fashion'd and we may suppose,
He lik'd the fashion well, and wore the cloaths.

But if Albumazar was composed on occasion of King James's coming to Cambridge in 1614, the Alchymist was written before it, it being acted in the year 1610; and yet our author himself, at p. 46, seems to insinuate, that a play might be advantageously written upon the plan of an Alchymist, for he makes Albumazar say to Furbo, who asked him, what will you do?

First in, and usher out our changeling Trincalo,
Then finish up a business of great profit,
Begun with a rich merchant, that admires
My skill in alchymy.

And yet I will not pretend to say, that Mr. Dryden was mis taken, because it cannot now be known from what anecdotes he might say what he does: and because it is not impossible,

that our comedy might both be written and acted before 1610, though not played before the king till 1614.*

I shall now enter on the illustration, beginning with the prologue:

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Ladies,

If it be a fault to speak this foreign language,

(For Latin is our mother tongue) I must entreat you

To frame excuses for us; for whose sake,

We now speak English.

The exercises of the university were not only performed in Latin, but the plays written in this and the former reign, for the entertainment of the court, whenever it removed either to Oxford or Cambridge, were generally composed in that language. Thus Emilia, Ignoramus, and Melanthe, all acted on this occasion, were in Latin. Both King James and Queen Elizabeth were Latinists.†

1756, May.

Yours, &c.

P. GEMSEGE.

XXIV. A Passage in Juvenal explained.

Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno
Excidet Arviragus. Juv. Sat. iv. 126.

MR. BAXTER observes, with great probability, that Arviragus here is not a proper name, but a title of office or dignity; the Ardhrig or Ardhrag, being the dictator chosen by the Britons in the time of war, to be the captain general, or the generalissimo, as we now speak, and to have the command over all the other princess and the word, he says,

*The case was certainly so, for, p. 56, there is mention of Spinola's camp, who sat down before Ostend, Anno 1601, and took the town Anno 1604. At p. 17, the author mentions the issue of the next summer's war. Now James I. was not at war in 1614, when the play was acted, but the English were concerned in the defence of Ostend, when Spinola besieged it, which again seems to carry the date of the play back to that time. But then it must be allowed, that upon the revival of this play before the king, some passages were added or retouched, for whereas, p. 14, the author mentions Coriatus Persicus and his observations on Asia and Afric, Tom Coriat did not set out upon that voyage till 1612. See Anth. Wood's Athena, Vol. I. p. 422.

1+ These observations were not continued. E.]

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