Elements of Logic: Comprising the Doctrine of the Laws and Products of Thought, and the Doctrine of Method, Together with a Logical Praxis...C. Scribner, 1867 - 237 páginas |
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Términos y frases comunes
accordingly Affirmative Analysis antecedent Apodictic applied apprehended Assertory attribute Bucephalus called Categorical Categorical Syllogism Causal Whole cept character complement complementary concept conclusion consequent contains contradictory coördinate copula datum Deductive Reasoning Deductive Syllogism definition denote derived determined discourse discriminate Disjunctive Syllogism distinction distinguished division Enthymeme Euathlus explicated expressed Extensive Quantity Faculty fallacy genus given gradations Hypothetical identified Identity inasmuch individual Induction Intelligence Judg kind of Whole language Law of Identity Law of Thought logicians Major term matter Mediate Reasoning ment middle term Minor term modality modes mortal movement of Thought nature necessarily necessary negative non-B notion Objective Law objects of thought opposition perfect Polysyllogism predicate premise primitive principle product of Thought proper logical proposition pure quadruped Quality rational animal recognized regarded relation of Whole respect Socrates species sublate substance Subsumption Sumption synthesis thinking tion Tollent truth valid Verbal virtue words
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Página 69 - Language," says Sir W. Hamilton, "is the attribution of signs to our cognitions of things. But as a cognition must have already been there before it could receive a sign, consequently that knowledge which is denoted by the formation and application of a word must have preceded the symbol that denotes it.
Página 69 - A sign, however, is necessary to give stability to our intellectual progress — to establish each step in our advance as a new starting-point for our advance to another beyond. A country may be overrun by an armed host, but it is only conquered by the establishment of fortresses. Words are the fortresses of thought . They enable us to realize our dominion over what we have already overrun in thought ; to make every intellectual conquest the base of operations for others still beyond.
Página 70 - ... the mason-work in the other ; but without these subsidiaries, neither process could be carried on beyond its rudimentary commencement. Though, therefore, we allow that every movement forward in language must be determined by an antecedent movement forward in thought ; still, unless thought be accompanied, at each point of its evolution, by a corresponding evolution of language, its further development is arrested.
Página 11 - ... a particular observation, instead of a particular instance of a general and acknowledged rule. To take a very simple example: — there is in Logic a certain sophism, or act of illegal inference, by which two things are, perhaps in a very concealed and circuitous manner, made to prove each other. Now, the man unacquainted with Logic may perhaps detect and be convinced of the fallacy ; but how will he expose it ? He must enter upon a long statement and explanation, and, after much labor to himself...
Página 167 - Thus, even the judicial determination of life and death supposes, as real, the difference between a clear and a distinct knowledge : for a distinct knowledge lies in the knowledge of the constituent parts ; while a clear knowledge is only of the constituted whole. Continuing our illustrations from the human countenance: we all have a clear knowledge of any face which we have seen, but few of us have distinct knowledge even of those with which we are familiar; but the painter, who, having looked upon...
Página 193 - ... recover ; again, if it be fated that you do not recover from your present disease, whether you call in a doctor or not, you will not recover ; But one or other of the contradictories is fated ; Therefore, to call in a doctor is of no consequence.
Página 228 - What is the meaning of moon ? — the measurer. What is the meaning of sun ? — the begetter. What is the meaning of earth? — the ploughed.
Página 88 - ... themselves very different from each other. In like manner, all conflicting notions are diverse or different notions, for unless different, they could not be mutually conflictive; but, on the other hand, all different concepts are not conflictive...
Página 12 - ... way employ their intellect — that is, on the cultivators of every human science — the most important obligation. For it is only in the possession of such established rules, and of such a technical nomenclature, that we can accomplish, with facility, and to an adequate extent, a criticism of any work of reasoning. Logical language is thus, to the general reasoner, what the notation of Arithmetic, and still more of Algebra, is to the mathematician. Both enable us to comprehend and express,...
Página 69 - But though, in general, we must hold that language, as the product and correlative of thought, must be viewed as posterior to the act of thinking itself; on the other hand, it must be admitted, that we could never have risen above the very lowest degrees in the scale of thought, without the aid of signs. A sign is necessary, to give stability to our intellectual progress,— to establish each step in our advance as a new starting-point for our advance to another beyond.