have been replaced by armoured or ironclad war steamers. 10. Literature.-Among authors (living writers not being taken into account), William Makepeace Thackeray, Charles Dickens, and Lord Lytton are to be noted as novelists. Thackeray excelled in satire upon the social meannesses and worldliness of well-to-do people. Dickens, who portrayed with great humour, sometimes degenerating into caricature, the ways and manners of a lower grade of society, more especially of the Londoners, is perhaps the most popular novelist of our day. Lord Lytton wrote both tales of contemporary fashionable life and romances of bygone ages; and his story of Harold is at once true in its main lines to fact, and a fine imaginary picture of the King who died on Senlac. Charlotte Bronté, a Yorkshire clergyman's daughter, who wrote under the name of " Currer Bell," was the authoress of some powerful novels. Poverty and home-sorrows made her life a hard one, and her tone is sad and gloomy. Charles Kingsley, poet, preacher, and novelist, first won notice by his tale of Alton Locke, written at the time of the Chartist troubles. In it he set forth the sufferings and hopes of working men, and pointed out that the Chartists, albeit misguided, were still honest men entitled to pity and sympathy. Elizabeth Gaskell, in her novel of Mary Barton, described the struggles and hardships of the working cotton-spinners of Manchester. Harriet Martineau, in the reign of William IV., when questions of political economy and social reform were in everybody's mind, brought out a series of talesIllustrations of Political Economy-in which she made her fictions the means of expounding the truths of that science. The literature of our day is especially rich in tales and novels, the novel now holding the place once occupied by the drama, serving as the mirror of life and manners, and as the method in which authors convey their thoughts on political and social questions. Our age has also its own style of poetry, in which the most notable names are those of men yet living. Historical literature has during the present century made great strides, owing to the growth of a spirit of research and criticism. Documents and manuscripts hitherto unknown or unheeded have been laid open to us, and the evidence on which history rests has been sought out and weighed with a care such as historians in the last century rarely bestowed. In this branch of study, Thomas Arnold and George Grote are distinguished for their histories of Rome and Greece, and Henry Hart Milman, Dean of St. Paul's, for his History of Latin Christianity. Henry Hallam, author of the Constitutional History of England, is characterized by his judicial impartiality; Lord Macaulay, who tells, from the point of view of a Liberal politician, the story of the Revolution of 1688, combines the brilliancy of romance with many of the best qualities of an historian. The labour and research of John Mitchell Kemble, who devoted himself to the study of the Old-English language, history, and antiquities, of Sir Francis Palgrave, the historian of the Normans, and of John Lingard, a Roman Catholic priest, whose chief work is carried down as far as the accession of William and Mary, have all tended to give us more accurate and vivid ideas of the earlier History of England. A. Abjuration, oath of, 263. INDEX. Abolition of slavery, Act for the, 334. Acre, defence of, 303; bombardment Addison, Joseph, 288, 291. Elfgifu or Elgiva, 28. Ælfheah (St. Alphege), Archbishop of Elfthryth or Elfrida, 29, 30. Æthelbert, King of Kent, conversion Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, 23, 25. Æthelfrith, King of the Northum- Ætheling, title of, 11. Æthelred, Ealdorman of the Mer- cians, 23. Æthelstan, King, 26. Aidan, St., Bishop of Lindisfarn, 16. Albert, Prince Consort, 337. Alfred or Elfred, King, 21; reign, 44. Alfred, Ætheling, 34. Algiers, bombardment of, 311. America, Cabot's voyages to, 157; American War of Independence, 295- 297. Amiens, Peace of, 304. Anderida, taking of, 8, 9. Anglo-Saxons, 7: Anglo-Saxon Chro- Anne, Queen (Princess of Denmark), Anne of Bohemia, Queen, 116. 147. Anson, Commodore, voyage of, 278. Appeals, statute in restraint of, 161. Aquitaine, 69, 72, 80, 106, 109, 128, 133. Arbuthnot, John, 289. Architecture, Romanesque, 46, 47; Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of, 273. Arthur, British prince, 9, 120, 150, 151. Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Can- Attainder, Act of, 137, 138; the great Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Roch- Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canter- Austria, Leopold, Duke of, 77. Austrian Succession, War of the, 279, Aylesford, battle of, 8. Azincourt, battle of, 128. B. Babington, Anthony, 186. Badby, John, burned, 125, 126. Bannockburn, battle of, 101, 102, 320. Baronets, first creation of, 199. Barons' Wars, with John, 81-84; with Henry III., 87-90. Baxter, Richard, 251. Beachy Head, battle of, 256. Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Can- Bedford, John, Duke of, 125, 131, 133, 149. Benevolences, 142, 147, 153, 197. Berners, Julyans or Juliana, 151. Bertha, wife of Æthelbert, 14, 15. Bible, 165, 166, 178, 201; Wycliffe's Birkenhead, wreck of the, 341. Blake, Robert, Admiral, 222, 225, 226. Boadicea, revolt of, 4. Bolingbroke, Henry of, see Henry Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Vis- Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, Boroughs, the Five, 24; parliamentary, Bosworth, battle of, 148, 154- Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, Duke Brilituoth, Ealdorman of the East- Brindley, James, 315. Britain, 1-3; under the Romans, Cabal, the, 236. C. Cabot, John and Sebastian, 157. Cæsar, Caius Julius, 2, 286. Calais, 106, 107, 109, 133, 136, 179, 180. 201, 202, 215. Camden, William, 202. Campbell, Sir Colin (Lord Clyde), 342. Campbell, Thomas, 321. Cape St. Vincent, battle of, 301. Caroline of Brandenburg-Anspach, Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Catesby, Robert, 195, 196. Ceadda (St. Chad), Bishop of Lich- Ceawlin, King of the West-Saxons, 9. Channel Islands, 80, 119. Charles II., King, 146, 218, 220; de- Charles the Great, Emperor, 44. wards the Emperor Charles VI., 260, Charles IV., King of France, 103, 105. Charles VII., King of France, 129, Charles II., King of Spain, 260, 289. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen, 293, 319. |