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Texture and Cohesion of its Subftance in any Part. This may be tranfverfely, across the Bont; or longitudinally, along the Bone; or obliquely, between both. Fractures are Simple, or fuch as happen without a Wound; or else Compound, as when they are attended with Wounds; and thefe are most dangerous, and the more, fo as they are in a larger Bone, and nearer the Joint

The Curative IN the Curative Part of Surgery, the IntenPart of Sur- tions and Manner of Cure are various, according to the Nature of the Distemper, and the Circumstances thereof. However, the principal Intentions are as follow. (1.) Derivation, or drawing the Humours away, (which threaten any noble Part,) to the Parts adjacent, or on the fame Side. (2.) Revulfion, which is a Drawing away the Humours to the oppofite Side or Part. (3.) Difcuffion, which is an Evacuation of thin peccant Matter by Perfpiration, or by repelling the Humours back into the Mafs of Blood. (4.) Refolution, or changing the Humours from peccant to a falutary State. (5.) Suppuration and Maturation fignify the Ripening or bringing the Matter of the Tumour into Pus or laudable Matter. (6.) Digeftion, which is the promoting a Discharge of fuppurated Matter by proper Medicines. (7.) Mundification, which is a deterging or cleanfing the Tumour after the Matter is discharged, and fitting it for (8.) Incarnation, or healing and filling it up with new Flesh. (9.) Cicatrization, which is the Inducing a Skin upon the Sore now cured, fo as to leave as fmall a Cicatrix, or Scar, as poffible. Thefe Intentions principally regard Tumours, Ulcers, Wounds, &c. in the Fleb; befide which there are many which refpect the Bones, and therefore will be next taken notice of among the Mans Operations. And indeed what is perform'd by

the

the Hand makes the principal Part of the Sur-
geon's Art, and gives Denomination to the
whole. The chief Operations perform'd by the
Surgeon's Hand are as follow. (1.) Amputa-
tion, which is the Cutting off any Limb, or Part
from the Body. (2.) Arteriotomy, letting Blood
by cutting an Artery. (3.) Phlebotomy, the fame
by cutting a Vein. (4.) Bronchotomy, an Inci-
fion made in the Wind-Pipe, to prevent Suf-
focation in a Quinfey. (5.) Cæfarius, a Cutting
the Child out of the Womb. (6.) Caftration,
a Cutting out the Tefticles. (7.) Cauterizing,
a Burning or Scarring any quick Part with Cau-
teries, to prevent Mortification, &c. (8.) Cup-
ping, a Raifing the Cuticle from the Skin, in
order for Scarification. (9.) Cytotomy, a Cutting
or Opening the Bladder, to extract the Stone.
(10.) Fonticulation, a Cutting or Making Jues,
Seatons, &c. (11.) Lancing, making an Inci-
fion in any Part with a Lancet. (12.) Lithotomy,
a Cutting for the Stone. (13.) Scarification, a
Cutting of blifter'd Skin with a Lancet. (14.)
Suture, a Sewing the Lips of Wounds, &c.
(15.) Tapping, a Perforating the Skin of the Ab-
domen, for difcharging watery Humours, in the
Dropfy, &c. (16.) Trepanning, which is the
Opening a Fracture in the Scull by an artificial
Perforation. (17.) Reduction is the replacing
of dislocated, and fetting of fractur'd Bones by
means of proper Ligatures, Bandages, and other
external Applications.

THE Surgeon, as well as the Phyfician, is The Medicines obliged to make ufe of Medicines to answer most used in Surof his Intentions, and fuch, in this Cafe, are gery. call'd Topical Applications; these consist chiefly of Plaifters, Cerates, Unguents, Oils, Infufions, &c. and are (according to their Quality) diftributed into the following Kinds. (1.) AbsterSitt

gents,

gents, or Detergents, which cleanse the Wound,
and difpofe it for Healing. (2.) Anaplerotics,
Sarcotics, and Incarnatives, all which fignify fuch
Medicines as heal and fill up the Wound with
Flesh. (3.) Anodynes, fuch as affwage Pain.
(4.) Aperients, the fame as Detergents nearly.
(5.) Balfamics, oily healing Remedies. (6.) Cau-
ftics, or Cauteries, are such as fear or burn the
Flesh to an Efchar. (7.) Deficcatives, which dry
up and skin over Wounds, &c. (8.) Digeftives,
fuch as promote the Digeftion of Matter in Tu-
mours. (9.) Epulotics, which cicatrize and skin
over Wounds. (10.) Efcharotics, the fame as
Caustics. (11.) Lithontriptics, which break the
Stone in the Bladder. (12.) Narcotics, those
which stun the Senfe of Pain. (13.) Palliatives,
fuch as are used to palliate incurable Wounds, &c.
(14.) Phagedanics, which eat away the proud
or fungous Flesh. (15.) Repellents, fuch as dif-
perfe the Matter of Tumours, and affwage Swel-
ling. (16.) Refolvents, which open, loofen, or
promote the Refolution of Matter. (17.) Ri-
peners, fuch which ripen, draw, and fit Matter
for a Discharge. (18.) Sclerotics, such as har-
den and confolidate the Flesh of new cur'd
Wounds. (19.) Styptics, fuch as are very bind-
ing and aftringent, fufficient to stop Hamor-
rhages, &c. (20.) Suppuratives, which promote
the Suppuration of the Matter of Tumours.
(21.) Topics, all external Applications of Medi-
cines. (22.) Traumatics, or Vulneraries, all Me-
dicines good for Wounds. (23.) Veficatories,
fuch Things as occafion Blifters to rife on the
Skin. (24.) Xerantics, the fame as Deficcatives,
or drying Medicines.

Inftruments FOR Manual Operations the Surgeon is pro-
ufed in the
vided with a terrible Apparatus of the Inftru-
Manual Ope-
rations of Sur- ments of Fate and Neceffity: The chief of which

gery.

I fhall

I fhall juft name as follows. (1.) Acantabolus, to draw out fplinter'd Bones, Hairs, &c. from Wounds. (2.) Amma, a Kind of Girdle or Trufs. (3.) Bathrum, contrived for the Ease and Security of the Luxated Joints after Reduction. (4.) Catheter, an hollow Inftrument to put up the Penis into the Bladder, to affift in making Urine, in cafe of the Stone and Gravel. (5.) Atual Cautery, a red hot Iron for Searing any Part. (6.) Potential Cautery, any cauftic Medicine. (7.) Glyfter-Pipe, well known. (8.) Cucurbitula, a Cupping-Glafs. (9.) Cyclifcus, in the Form of an Half-Moon, to scrape away Rottennefs withal. (10.) Dentagra, to draw Teeth withal. (11.) Dentifcalpe, to cleanse the Teeth with. (12.) Forceps, like a Pair of Tongs, to extract any thing out of Wounds, &c. (13.) Forfex, to extract or draw Teeth with. (14.) Lancet, an Inftrument well known. (15.) Modiolus, that Part of the Trepan which cuts the Bone circularly. (16.) Perizoma, Truffes to keep up Ruptures. (17.) Probe, a fmall long Inftrument to search the Wounds with. (18.) Retinaculum, us'd in Caftration, cutting Hernia's, &c. (19.) Roftrum, crooked Sciffars, like a Bird's Bill. (20.) Sanguifuge, a Leach. (21.) Scala or Ladder, an Inftrument for refting and defending dislocated and broken Limbs. (22.) Scarificatory, ufed to make Scarification, being a Number of fharp Points, fet on a Plane, which are all ftruck into the Part at once. (23.) Speculum, an Inftrument to open and dilate any Paffage or Orifice, in order to infpect the fame. (24.) Spatula, a little Inftrument for spreading Plaifters, &c. well known. (25.) Syringe, used for injecting medicated Liquors up into any Part. (26.) Tenaculum, fomewhat like the Forceps. (27.) Terebra, Terebellum, or Trepan, an Inftrument

used

ufed for cutting away the fractur'd Parts of a Bone, particularly of the Scull. (28.) Vectis, ufed as a Supporter or Prop in reducing diflocated, or fetting fractur'd Bones,

THERE are divers other Chirurgical Inftruments, of which I know not the Names, befides the divers Sorts of Knives, Saws, Sciffars, &c, in common Ufe, which are too well known, to need Defcription.

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