That Michigan was organized as a Territory, assuming, as she did, the boundaries of the ordinance, without even the slightest objection from the senators or the representatives of Ohio, is additional proof that the people of Ohio either recognized this as the boundary line, or that the sentiment in Congress was so overwhelmingly against any change that Ohio's servants dared not object.

In the light of these facts it seems strange that Governor Lucas, of Ohio, should recommend to the Legislature of that State to concert measures for the seizure and occupation of this disputed territory, and yet such was the case. He gave as his reasons for such aggressive measures (1) The intention of the Congress of 1787 to follow the supposed line which was farther north than the real one; (2) The action of the State Constitutional Convention; (3) The preference of the people within the district for the government of Ohio.

The Legislature was not slow to follow out the plans suggested by their chief executive. "They immediately passed a series of acts and resolutions asserting jurisdiction over the land in question and declaring that measures should be taken by all departments of the State government to enforce these acts." Nor was this the whole attempt made by the government of Ohio to reclaim what she would fain make herself believe justly belonged to her. Governor Lucas, on the alert to obtain possession of this much-coveted territory, called an extra session of the General Assembly. Himself assuming the aggressive, he ordered the commissioners, appointed by him for the purpose, to meet him at Perrysburg, stating his intention to run the boundary line, and thus in a manner peculiar to himself settle this dispute, which Congress itself seemed unwilling to handle. Again the Legislature came to his rescue and stimulated his exertions by voting an oppropriation of $300,000, with which to carry out his plans.

It is not surprising that these violent measures called out a keen retort from Michigan, nor was she tardy in challenging the determined efforts of Ohio's governor to strip her of her fair territory. Immediately after Governor Lucas' first message to the General Assembly recommending to them the seizure

of the disputed tract, the Legislature of Michigan passed a series of acts making it a criminal offense for any one to accept or exercise any office in the disputed tract, except by the authority of the United States or of Michigan. When the tidings reached the capital of Michigan that Governor Lucas, of Ohio, was taking active measures to occupy this territory, Governor Mason, of Michigan, at once ordered his adjutant-general to hold himself in readiness for an invasion from Ohio, and the Legislature vied with that of Ohio in the readiness with which it placed money and men at the disposal of its governor.

Thus hostilities began to assume a serious aspect, when the territorial authorities presented the matter to the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, Benjamin F. Butler. He regarded the claims of Michigan to the territory as the better of the two, and was strengthened in this opinion by the President and members of the cabinet. But the good people of Ohio were very firm in their determination to possess this territory, and the Attorney-General hoped the matter might be brought to an amicable settlement by a compromise. Accordingly two commissioners, Rush and Howard, were sent out to inquire into the trouble and to report the condition of affairs to the AttorneyGeneral. Meanwhile the militia of Michigan had marched to the scene of action, but to their disgust and chagrin they found no enemyno Ohio troops there to oppose them. They had made great preparation and military display all on account of a report, that had reached them, that Governor Lucas purposed setting up a court at Toledo for the regulation and disposal of this disputed tract. Thus the fire which had animated the hearts of the patriotic sons of Michigan was forced to consume their own ambition, and they marched back sullenly from the imaginary field of glory, leaving no bones to bleach in the sun, save those of the noted horse, the sole hero and martyr of the Erie war.

All this display of chivalry and heroism by the contending parties had little to do with settling the real question at issue, except, perhaps, to bring about the immediate consideration of it by Congress. Congress resolved to put an end to this quarrel between two unruly members of the Union by forcing them to

a compromise. This was easily brought about, from the fact that Michigan was seeking admission as a State, and Congress would not admit her until she would renounce all her claims to the disputed territory.

The President and the Democratic party were especially anxious to settle the question without antagonizing Ohio, as a Presidential election was near, and the electoral votes of Ohio were wanted.

On the whole, we are bound to regard the compromise that resulted as the most happy arrangement that could have been made, since both parties are vastly better provided for than if Michigan's rights had been enforced by Congress. Michigan, by the grant of the upper peninsula, which she received as compensation for her concessions, obtained her great mineral wealth, and Ohio, by the annexation of the extensive tract of fertile land which she claimed, was thereby greatly enriched.

L. G. ADDISON.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

DR. I. W. ANDREWS.-At the annual meeting of the Ohio Teachers' Association, held at Sandusky, June 28, 1888, memorial exercises occurred in honor of the late Israel W. Andrews. Professor M. R. Andrews read a memorial sketch. In it he paid tribute in the highest terms to the many virtues of the deceased scholar and educator. His conservative but persistent and hopeful nature; his accuracy and painstaking care as a student and instructor; his unswerving fidelity to every trust; his consistent and admirable Christian character; his loyal devotion to duty, were all dwelt upon in fitting terms. Especially, as was natural in an address before the State Teachers' Association, the speaker dwelt at length upon Dr. Andrews's services to the cause of education in Ohio, and we reproduce from the Educational Monthly the following extract from the address:

"The younger teachers of Ohio do not know how closely he is identified with the early history of our common schools. In February, 1851, this Association, in a meeting at Columbus, appointed him, with six others, Lorin Andrews, R. F. Humiston, D. F. DeWolf, James Campbell, Darius Lyman, Jr., and Charles S. Royce, to aid in the organization of county institutes, and through the southern and eastern parts of the State he took an active part in the educational campaign that ensued.

"He was President of this Association at Steubenville in 1857, and long served on the Executive Committee; he also delivered the annual address at Put-in-Bay in 1877. He was a member of the State Board of Examiners from 1866 to 1871.

"As associate editor of the Ohio Journal of Education, in the first six volumes (1852-7), and afterwards as contributor to its successor, the Educational Monthly, he showed his lively interest in elementary education. In 1852, he wrote of 'The Union School System' and warned officers and teachers against too implicit reliance upon the excellence of any system, thus by thirty years anticipating a favorite dogma of the apostles of

the New Education. Among the subjects discussed by him in this and subsequent years are, 'Images in Concave Mirrors,' 'Relation of Schools and Colleges,' 'Schools of Lowell,' 'Marietta Public Schools,' 'College Education in England and America,' 'Popular Education in Great Britain,' 'The Eye and the Ear in Elementary Education,' 'The Teacher's Duty to Himself,' 'Elementary Classical Study,' 'A Course of Study for High Schools,' 'Pronouncing Dictionaries,' 'The Self-Reporting System,' 'Greek Preparation for College,' 'Elementary Arithmetic,' 'Law,' 'The Muskingum Academy' (torn down in 1887), 'When was Ohio Admitted into the Union?' (1803), and one of his last contributions, suggested by a visit to the primary schools of Steubenville, was 'Elementary Instruction.'

"He was an active member at the first meeting of the National Teachers' Association, and afterwards became one of the National Council of Education."

At the conclusion of the address, appropriate remarks, showing the universal esteem and love with which Dr. Andrews was regarded by the teachers of Ohio, were made by Dr. E. E. White, Professor W. H. Mitchell, Col. W. F. De Wolf, Dr. R. W. Stevenson and Dr. E. T. Tappan. The following resolution was also adopted:

Resolved, That while we bow reverently to the Divine Will, as expressed in the removal from our fellowship of the late Dr. I. W. Andrews, we yet feel that our Association has met with a loss which is irreparable, and that only as we follow his example of unselfish and constant work for the up-building of the race, are we living up to our God-given opportunities and privileges.

THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting of this Association, which was to have been held in Columbus during the first week of the present month, it was found necessary to postpone, on account of the impossibility of securing suitable accommodations at a time when the city was crowded with members of the Grand Army of the Republic and other strangers in attendance upon the Centennial Exposition. The meeting will be held in Washington, D. C., during the last week of December, and one whole day during the meet