in the middle of a delightful plain, with its deep green ferny summit crowned with a Druidical circle, and its declivities white with sheep; the silvery links of Manor Water winding at its base, through fertile haughs and fields of grain; the aged trees scattered here and there along the bottom of the precipitous hills, the wild abodes of the goat, the raven, the fox, and the falcon; and the dark summits of the farther mountains towering over all,-present a burst of upland scenery not unworthy of arresting the notice of the traveller, even although it had never possessed the additional attraction of having been the residence of the illustrious Ferguson, as well as of the eccentric Dwarf of Manor Water." The eccentric Dwarf, as the same writer states, also requested that a clump of rowantree might be planted above his grave, on the Woodhill. A promise to this effect was given him. But he changed his mind on his death-bed, and was gathered to his fathers" like a decent Christian, in the churchyard of Manor.

A TREATY BETWEEN THE KINGS OF

GOA AND TALLO (CONFEDERATED MACASSAR CHIEFS) AND

THE

PEOPLE CALLED ENGLISH-1615.

(Communicated by John Crawfurd, Esq.) THE following paper is a curious instance of the jealousy with which the European nations were viewed on their first intercourse with India. The Macassar nation was then the most commercial of the East Insular tribes. They were the carriers of the Archipelago, and had a natural monopoly of the spice trade, not to say that they were paramount on their own native island of Celebes. Among the records of this people were found in our times treaties with various native and

A short Account of David Ritchie, with an elegy on his death: printed for the author, July 1816." This is curious, as having been in print some little time before the Tales of my Landlord appeared. But it was never published, and the author, whom we have conversed with, does not imagine that any of the few copies which he privately distributed could possibly have found their way to the hands of either Mr Peter Pattieson, or his learned and worthy patron, the Schoolmaster of Gandercleugh.

European powers, and, among others, one with some individuals of our nafrom the tion. These persons seem, tenor of the instrument, to have promised the Raja an embassy from their sovereign, but such a one never arrived.

A

Treaty between the Kings of Goa
and Tallo (confederated Macassar
Chiefs) and the People called Eng-
lish.

FOUR Englishmen only shall reside at Macassar. The English shall not construct forts nor warehouses, nor express any desire to possess Macas-The English shall not go into sar. the interior of our country,-they shall take no cognizance of offences, they shall convert none of our people to their religion. In any disputes arising between them and us, they shall conform to the laws of our country. The English shall not commit any acts of hostility within our harbours, towards any other nation whatsoever. Whenever they come into our harbours they shall make us presents of fire-arms and ammunition. Before sailing, they shall pay the accustomed fees for weighing merchandise and the usual imposts; and they shall farther wait upon the King of Goa, and ask his permission to proceed on their voyage. If a great man should come to our country on the part of the English, we, on our side, engage not to interfere between him and his dependents, provided he does nothing which is disagreeable to us. Such a person shall, on no account, purchase for slaves persons who profess the Mahommedan religion. In any affair which may arise between such great man and us, he shall follow the customs of our country; on his return home he shall deliver the present treaty to the King of England, that he may understand and acknowledge it, and forswear any claim to our country, or intention to do any thing hostile towards us, or listen to the affairs of the neighbouring countries, or of the states of our island. Lastly, When the English are in our harbours, our enemies shall be their enemies, but we shall take no part with them against theirs. Agreed upon on Tuesday, in the month of Mo harram, year B. 1024 of the Hegira, corresponding with the Christian year

1615.

STATE OF THE SCOTTISH ARMY UN-
DER GENERAL ALEXANDER LESLIE,
IN THE YEAR 1641.

In the summer of 1640, an army was suddenly collected in different parts of Scotland, for the purpose of repelling an expected invasion from England, and placed under the command of General Alexander Leslie, aided by various other officers who, like himself, had learned the military art, and acquired no small share of military fame, in the wars of Gustavus Adolphus. On the approach of the English forces under the Lord Conway, the Scottish army crosed the Border, and on the 28th of August, at Newburn, on the river Tyne, encountered and repulsed their opponents, and obtained complete possession of Newcastle and the neighbouring country as far as the borders of Yorkshire. In this situation they remained for more than a year: but during this period of inactivity, it is creditable to the talents of Leslie and his officers, that they not only maintained the most exact discipline among his troops, but were able to improve their skill in all the military exercises, to a degree that had till then been but little known in Great Britain.

Among these officers, one of the most eminent was Colonel Sir Alexander Hamilton [of Priestfield], general of the artillery, or master of the ordnance, a younger brother of Thomas first Earl of Haddington; and who, like the commander-inchief, had been recalled by his countrymen from a distinguished station in foreign service, to take a share in that distracting and unhappy warfare with which his native kingdom was threatened. In a petition to the King and Parliament of Scotland, Colonel Hamilton states it as 66 not unknown that his whole study has been in the art of military discipline, especially anent artillery, wherein he being employed in Germany upon honourable and good conditions, he was recalled therefrom to England, where his majesty was graciously pleased to grant him pensions and allowances of eight hundred pound Sterling by year;" and in the history of the civil wars, his eminent services as a soldier, more especially in his own department of the ordnance, are commemorated. It was owing to his superior skill in the management of artillery that the affair at Newburn had been terminated so

VOL. I.

advantageously, and with such small loss to the Scottish army.

In the month of August 1641, King Charles I. in the course of his journey into Scotland, visited the army at Newcastle, and was entertained by Leslie with a display of its exact discipline and soldierlike appearance, which probably was intended by the General for other purposes besides those of common military parade. Of this royal review, and of the conduct of the army and its commander, on their soon afterwards retiring from England, a curious and not uninteresting account was published at the time in one of those small pamphlets which were then issuing daily from the press, and of which we shall here present our readers with a reprint. It is of English composition, but will be found to do ample justice to the military character of the Scottish army, and their able commanders; not omitting what was due to the warlike inventions of " that their famous engineer Sandy Hamilton," who will be readily recognized as the person of whom we have given some account. His Maiesties passing through the

Scots Armie: As also, his Entertainment by Generall Lesly. Together with the manner of the Scots marching out of Newcastle. Related by the best Intelligence. Printed in His Maiesties passing through the the year 1641. Scots Army.

GENERALL LASLEY being aduertised of the time of his majesties com

Ee

and other instruments of torture formerly used in Scotland, mention is made of the Pilniewinks. Whether the following anecdote may in any way illustrate the subject, I leave to your own decision, or, if you insert it, to that of your readers.

Some years ago the writer of this article was in a large, and rather a mixed company, in the neighbourhood of Fordoun, in Mearns, and on some of the younger members expressing their mirth in rather a boisterous manner, an old man, half seriously, half jocularly, declared they should be put into the pilniewinks. As the word was a new one to me, I made inquiry as to its meaning, and was answered, that it was "pitting their finger in a box, and ca'ing in a pin aside it." * The person I allude to is now "gathered with his fathers," or more particular inquiry would have been made. Should it meet your approbation, I may, at a future period, send you a drawing and description of a set of "Witches' Branks," which I have seen; an instrument calculated for preventing the unfortunate wretches, whom the folly and superstition of the time consigned to a horrid death, from expressing their suffering when the most painful tortures were applied to them. I am, &c.

Montrose, Sept. 23, 1817.

J. S.

legal, and as some of the leaders have been actually convicted and punished, it would be vain to expect that their records, if they still exist, should be subjected to scrutiny. But an approximation may be deduced from certain known facts.

A petition, presented by the operatives to Parliament, was subscribed by upwards of 20,000 persons residing in Glasgow and its vicinity. Few weavers residing in Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, and the more remote countics, were included. Care is said to have been taken to admit only real signatures; but exertion was also used to make these as numerous as possible, in order to give weight to the application. If the number quoted be doubled, it may contain nearly the entire number in Scotland; and 40,000 is generally understood, by well informed persons, to be about the actual amount. This may be reckoned about one-eighth part of the whole adult male population of Scotland. It is, however, to be noticed, that the quantity of cloth fabricated since the depression of prices has very greatly increased, although the number of operatives may be stationary, or even declining. Whilst wages were high, weavers, on an average, certainly did not work above fifty hours weekly. At present, on an average, they work at least eighty hours, and with redoubled exertion. Upon a pretty general inquiry, the result is, that few new looms are at present constructed, and very few old ones unoccupied, which certainly indicates a stationary trade, verging towards decline; if it be at the same time considered, how very many old weavers have been sent back to their original employment, by the reduction of the navy, army, militia, and other establishments dependent on a state of warfare. The training of apprentices is certainly almost annihifated.

The proximate cause of this state of the trade is very clearly the fluctuation and general decline in the wages of labour. This will be best explained by a detail of the actual facts.

A printed list of the prices to be paid for weaving the most general descriptions of cotton goods, was published about the year 1790; and this list was regarded, for many subsequent years, as a standard, though

subjected to occasional reduction, not vague or undefined, but bearing always a reference to the list itself. This system gradually changed into the practice of rendering all prices of labour dependent on mutual agreement between the employers and operatives, without reference to any general standard. This open mode of agreement was ultimately sanctioned by an act of Parliament, which provides, however, that manufacturers shall deliver to a weaver, along with every web, a ticket, upon which the agreement of the parties, as to the wages to be given, shall be distinctly specified.

The variation of the prices of labour, computed from an average of the tickets of the most respectable houses, compared with the list of 1792, is given below. It is also to be observed, that the prices of plain goods, of a description for which there is always a certain demand, however limited, have been taken; because the vicissitudes occasioned by fancy and fashion, are always uncertain and suspicious.

In the table, unity is taken as the rate of the maximum list 1792; the ratio of declension, since the year 1812, is expressed by the decimals. List of 1792 acted on until 1804, 1813, February,

May,

July,

1.00

1814, 1815, passim, (for little fluctuation occurred,)

1816, February,

1817, June, July, August,

.52

.72

.62

.56

.46

.36

.32

.36

The fair inference resulting from this state of our great manufacture, which has absorbed so much capital and employed so many persons, be

comes very obvious.

It has been carried beyond those limits which the existing demand, to which the manufacturer can find access, will exhaust; and, although it must ever prove a great and beneficial trade to the country, within its legitimate sphere, it evidently has been, and is greatly overdone.

Whatever depression of manufactures exists in the west of Scotland, must mainly be deduced from this source; a few remarks, therefore, may probably prove sufficient to ex

plain the state of all or most of the others.

Bleachers, dyers, cloth-lappers, and the other master tradesmen who are employed by the manufacturer of cloth, with separate establisments of their own, suffer less from the depression. Their situation is somewhat analogous to that of the spinner. The extent of the weaving manufacture fully employs them, and there is seldom sufficient competition amongst themselves to injure each other.

Calico printers, who conduct all the processes of manufacture, and whose establishments require enormous capital and outlay, experience all the disadvantages of overstocked trade, without generally having any intermediate agent to divide the risk betwixt them and the exporter; they are, besides, subject to heavy duties of excise, which require a certain and additional capital, generally of great extent. As a counterpoise, the policy of their workmen has been directly opposed to that of the operative weavers; and their uniform endeavour has been to exclude operatives from the trade, and to obtain a monopoly against their employers. This has certainly kept the stock of printed goods lower in the market than it might otherwise Its illegality has not entirely preventhave been, had this check not existed. ed it from doing some good; though probably this was little in the contemplation of either of the parties interested.

Connected with the cotton trade, the next and last branch to which any allusion is necessary, is the stocking or hosiery manufacture, the depression of which has also been great.

In this manufacture, however, there is no particular locality; for none, perhaps, is more generally distributed over all Scotland. The policy of the manufacturers, in this department, has been directly the reverse of that followed by the manufacturers of cloth. Stocking frames are complex and costly machines, which capitalists only can generally acquire; and which are very soon rendered useless, without constant employment and attention. The policy, therefore, of the manufacturers has been, to restrict their men to a certain quantity of work, without dismissing them entirely. Many, however, have left the trade; and, as it is essentially laborious, and requires