ameter) and whitish. The pistil secretes nectar, which collects about it or in the hollowed petals. At first the stigma is closely covered by five dilated staminodia, closely inflexed over it for a time, but later separate. In R. pannosa there is well-marked protandry, the staminodia not separating, nor the stigma maturing, until the stamens are all dehiscent. R. corylifolia, on the other hand, is synacmic, the expansion of the sepals and the dehiscence of the stamens occurring in regular succession, and being closely followed by the successive removal of the staminodia from the mature stigma. R. parviflora is intermediate between the two species already mentioned. Its flowers assume a rosy color with age, like those of Trillium grandiflorum, Weigelia, etc. (Sitzungsb. deutsch. bot. ges., 1883, i.) W. T. [1088

Pinus koraiensis Sieb. and Zucc.-Through the kindness of Chief Engineer G. W. Melville, U.S.N., Mr. Josiah Hoopes had received some specimens of this interesting species of pine collected during the voyage of the unfortunate Jeannette. They consist of a branch clothed with foliage, two immature cones, and a few mature seeds from eastern Siberia. The trees were seen along the banks of the Lena, the Yenisei, and the Obi rivers, growing to a height of about thirty feet, with trunks about ten inches in diameter at base. The collector further states that it fruits abundantly, and that the edible seeds are used by the natives as food, and by travellers as nuts. It is interesting to note that this heretofore comparatively rare species has a wider habitat, and is more numerous, than has generally been supposed. Siebold found it in Kamtchatka, and various authors have described it in the list of Japanese Coniferae as a rare introduced species.

This nut-bearing pine is well marked throughout, and especially so in its cones and seeds, the latter being wingless, sub-angulate, flatly compressed, leaving on both sides of the scale, when removed, remarkably deep impressions. The cones are very distinctive, with long reflexed scales, terminating in an abrupt mucro-like apex. Murray, in his Pines and firs of Japan, records its height as from ten to twelve feet; but Parlatore, on the authority of Perfetti, gives it as sometimes thirty to thirty-three feet. The latter is corroborated by Mr. Melville, thus indicating that the tree is a true northern species, attaining its greatest size only near the extreme limits of arboreal vegetation. It will, no doubt, make a valuable addition to our list of ornamental conifers, as its hardiness is unquestioned, and the foliage is as attractive as any other of the white-pine group, with the exception, perhaps, of P. excelsa. In England it has proven reliable, and the small plants cultivated by Mr. Hoopes show evidences of success. (Acad. nat. sc. Philad.; meeting May 8.)

ZOOLOGY. Coelenterates.

[1089

As

Recent researches upon the Pennatulida. the result of a prolonged study of Renilla, Dr. Wilson gives a brief summary of his results and conclusions upon the following topics: the segmentation of the egg and the formation of the germ-layers, the formation of the organs and tissues of the axial polyp, the origin of the community by budding from the axial polyp, the significance of the polymorphism and bilateral symmetry of the community.

During segmentation the division of the nuclei appears to be nearly regular; but the vitellus may either divide with the first division of the nuclei, or it may remain at rest until a much later stage. In some

eggs the first division of the vitellus was into thirtytwo spheres. After segmentation the ectoderm is separated by delamination from the solid central endodermic mass, and the supporting layer is secreted from the inner ends of the ectoderm-cells.

The gastric cavity, which has at first no communication with the exterior, is formed by absorption of the central endoderm-cells by those which are more peripherally placed, and the oesophagus is formed as a solid invagination of ectoderm. Its central end is not simply perforated, but absorbed, during the formation of the mouth. The peduncular septum consists of three layers of endoderm-cells, and the author therefore believes that it is morphologically a fused pair of septa. The muscles are developed as processes from the bases of the endoderm-cells; and the cell-body, in many cases at least, becomes reduced to a small granular mass enclosing the nucleus, and closely applied to the side of the muscular fibre. The apicules are developed in the interior of cells, and are of two kinds (ectodermic and endodermic), which differ much in form and size

The buds which are to form the sexual polyps are developed along the axial polyp in pairs, as two simple lateral rows, and each of them soon becomes a secondary axis for two rows of buds which appear in the angles between the older buds. The law of budding is the same for the zooids and polyps.

The hauptzooid is formed at an early stage as a median bud upon the axial polyp; and its function is to discharge water from the colony, while the other zooids draw in water, as do also the young sexual polyps, but not the adults. Wilson therefore concludes that the zooids are homologous with young sexual polyps; that they are polyps in a state of arrested development. He believes that the polymorphism of the community has not been brought about by the gradual specialization of an undifferentiated community, but that the ancestors of the zooids never possessed a higher organization than at present. He believes that the bilateral symmetry of the community has been directly determined by the bilateral environment, and he holds that Renilla is descended from a form like the Bathyptileae, and not, as Kölliker believes, from a primitive simple ‘Archyptilum.'

The paper is an abstract of an extended monograph which is to be published in the Phil. trans.; but the author is an American naturalist, and the researches were made upon the coast of North Carolina. -— (Proc. royal soc., no. 222.)

Living specimens of the very rare genus Funiculina have been obtained near Lisman Island, and they have been observed and studied by A. Milnes Marshall and William P. Marshall. The immature or young specimens have all the characteristics of Funiculina Forbesii (Verrill), while the full-grown ones are typical specimens of F. quadrangularis (Pallas); and the authors therefore reject Verrill's identification of the northern form as a new species. The paper contains a revision of the literature of the Pennatulidae, and an account of the general anatomy of Funiculina, Virgularia, and Pennatula, but it adds very little to the researches of Kölliker and others. (Rep. Oban Pennatulidae.) [1090 Hydro-medusae without digestive organs. Dr. Lendenfeld describes a new sub-family of hydroids, Eucopellinae, in which the medusa has no digestive organs, and lives only a short time after its escape from the genophore. Only one species, Eucopella campanularia, is known, and this is found in Australia. The larva is a campanularian whose hydranths are carried upon short, unbranched stems, which

W. K. B.

Monograph of the Caprellidae. In the sixth of the series of beautiful zoölogical and botanical monographs published by Dr. Dohrn's station at Naples, Dr. Paul Mayer treats of the bizarre crustaceans belonging to the family Caprellidae. The systematic part of the work (pp. 16-90) is the most important, being not barely descriptions of the species found in the Bay of Naples and its neighborhood, but a revision of all the known species of the world. The systematic part is followed by an account of the anatomy, histology, and habits. The few pages (165-168) devoted to development do not add much to the little previously known through the studies of Gamroth. Mayer concludes that the families Cyamidae and Caprellidae are closely related, and form a natural group, Laemodipoda; that the Cyamidae are a later group than the Caprellidae, and are derived from a genus very near Caprella; that the Laemodipoda form a group of the Amphipoda, and are most, closely related to the gammaroid Amphipoda. The author's conception of the relationship of the eight known genera of Caprellidae is expressed in the following genealogical tree.

of varietal illustration as some of the previous ones; but each of them presents new biological features. The first represents four species of Pieris, with larva and chrysalis of two of them (Sisymbri and Beckeri) from drawings made in southern California by Mead; the egg of the former is also given. The second plate is entirely given to Limenitis Eros, and illustrations are given of every stage of the larva (seven figures), of the egg and chrysalis, besides enlarged drawings of the details of structure in the larva. Considerable space is given to the natural history of the insect, largely from the observations of Wittfeld in Florida; its relations to L. Disippus are also discussed, as far as the preparatory stages are concerned.

The third plate has the highest interest, because we are for the first time introduced to the natural history of any of our native erycinid butterflies. Through the efforts of Mr. Doll at Tucson, Arizona, Mr. Edwards has been able to trace and figure the entire history of one and the earliest stages of another species of Lemonias, feeding naturally on mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), but which he managed to raise in West Virginia on wild plum, after repeated failures on other plants. Of L. Nais, three figures are given of the egg, or parts of the egg, seven of the four stages of the larva, besides four plain figures of structural details, two of the chrysalis, and four of the butterfly; of L. Palmerii, the egg, young larva, and butterfly are figured. These figures show the larva to have a head scarcely smaller than the body behind it, partially covered by, but not, as in lycaenid butterflies, retractile within, the segment following; to be clothed, when just from the egg, with long sweeping hairs, and in after life by clusters of short spreading hairs arranged in longitudinal rows, continuous without deviation over thoracic and abdominal segments. Neither egg nor chrysalis shows any difference of importance from lycaenids. Another number will complete the second series (or volume) of this excellent iconography. [1094

Fossil insects from Greenland. - Heer describes and figures a fragment of a large elytron from the cretaceous beds of Ivnanguit, besides a small series of tertiary insects from Atanekerdluk and Haseninsel. Five of these are elytra of Coleoptera of various families, one a Locusta compared to L. viridissima of Europe, and one a fragmentary Phryganea. Two other new fossil Phryganeae are also figured from Parschlug and from Aix, and a Helops from the Molasse of Lausanne. The number of tertiary insects so far found in Greenland is recorded as thirteen. (Heer's Flora foss. groenl., ii. 143, pl. 109.) (1095

VERTEBRATES. Fish.

New southern marine fish. Descriptions of twenty-five new fish from the southern United States have been published by Messrs. G. B. Goode and T. H. Bean. The new generic forms are of special interest. Ioglossus is a Gobiid allied to the Chinese Oxymetopon of Bleeker, although apparently not so closely' as supposed by the authors. It is much less compressed than Oxymetopon, has no keel on the head, and almost all the scales are cycloid. The individuals described were obtained at Pensacola, Fla. Chriodorus is a Hemirhamphine closely related to Arrhamphus, - so closely, indeed, that the differences between the two (if any) remain to be shown. The two have not been compared by the authors. The new type, C. atherinoides, was obtained at Key West, Fla. Letharchus is a new Ophisurid nearly related to Sphagebranchus, but differing externally by the

The bottle-nosed whale. - Capt. David Gray, through the agency of Prof. Flower, has recently made known, in a brief but interesting manner, the results of some observations on the whales of the genus Hyperoödon. It appears that the male bottlenosed whale undergoes great changes in form with age, particularly as regards the head. The shape of this part of the body in females and young males is similar, the plane of the forehead making an acute angle with the plane of the mouth. As the male grows, however, the forehead becomes more and more prominent, and in old age its anterior surface stands at right angles with the plane of the mouth. Prof. Flower makes use of these observations to reduce the species hitherto recognized to a single one. zoöl. soc. Lond., 1882, 726.) F. W. T.

(Proc. [1098

The

Development of the intermaxillary bone. In an article published with great luxury of type and illustration, Th. Kölliker gives the results of his investigations on the intermaxillary bone, and the development of harelip and cleft palate. memoir is one of special interest to the dentist and surgeon. We may mention here the following conclusions: 1. Since the human embryo has a separate intermaxillary, we may consider the same to be a typical structure in facial clefts; 2. The intermaxillary is composed of two bones; 3. The united bone is destined to carry the four incisors, and many of the irregularities of the teeth in position and number are due to the fact that they are developed independently of the bones destined to carry them. For further details we must refer to the original, which only partially comes within the scope of this journal. -(Nova. acta. acad. nat. cur., xliii. 325.) C. S. M. [1099

ANTHROPOLOGY.

Bove on the Fuegians. An interesting account of the Fuegians has appeared at Genoa under the auspices of the committee of the Italian antarctic expedition. It is prepared by Bove, and illustrated by a geographical chart of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, and an ethnological chart showing the distribution of the different races inhabiting the Land of Fire. The latter are divided into two very distinct stocks, separated by Admiralty Sound and Beagle Channel. The Ona reside on the east and north of these passages, on the largest of the Fuegian Islands, and comprise about two thousand souls. To the west and south are the Yamana (Jagan), a race comprising about three thousand, and the Alkaluf, about as many more. These people, perhaps of identical origin, now form two well-differentiated races, who are constantly at war. The Ona and Alkaluf have a rough and guttural language, while that of the Ya

mana is soft, and rich in vowel-sounds. A very vivid description of the character of the Fuegian country and of its people is given by Bove, who describes their distribution, physical characteristics, habits, dress, and wanderings; their birch-bark canoes, with which they brave storms, and pursue the seals and even whales; the wretched position of the women, who are practical slaves, living in polygamy, and yet unusually fertile, though a majority of the children succumb to exposure and insufficient food; their marriage customs, and treatment of their families, which appear to be chiefly remarkable for a stony selfishness unmitigated by affection or pity on the part of the males; their Shamanism and blood-revenge, the latter strictly on Mosaic principles; their weapons, camps, and ornaments; the treatment of the dead, linguistics and the ameliorating influence of the faithful missionaries in that desolate land. The language appears, like that of many barbarous peoples, to be rich in words. Over thirty thousand vocables are enumerated in the Yamana tongue, besides agglutinations. They appear to have no reverence for the dead. One fellow sold his father's skull to Bove, and wished it a pleasant journey over the sea (cf. 1085). —w. H. D. [1100

Aboriginal soapstone-quarries. Not many years ago the occurrence of copper, mica, and soapstone vessels in the Indian graves of our eastern states pointed, it was supposed, to a vast aboriginal commerce, embracing the whole continent in its network of communications. The researches of practical archeologists, however, are constantly bringing to light new sources of supply, that were formerly worked much nearer to the mounds and graves where their productions found their last restingplace. The finding of many half-finished pots and rude tools at Chula, in Virginia, was soon followed by the discovery of several large soapstonequarries in the District of Columbia. To the subject of this class of Indian work, Mr. J. D. McGuire of Ellicott City, Md., has given much attention. He has found soapstone-quarries in Maryland, and, after considerable research, has discovered the methods of this aboriginal handicraft. — (Amer. nat., June.) J. W. P. [1101

Words for color. — Lazarus Geiger, in one of his suggestive lectures, attempts to show that sense-perceptions have had a very recent evolution by tracing downward from the Homeric poems the terms employed to designate color. A very much more learned discussion of the same subject is that by Prof. Thomas R. Price, respecting the color-system of Virgil. In this essay it is not maintained that the words for color indicate the state of the color-sense, but the adaptation of language to the color-perceptions of the eye.

What idea had the ancients of color? Certainly they did not hold it to be a subjective sensation produced by three sets of nerves within the eye by three kinds of waves differing in length. Rather, in the Indo-Germanic languages, the color of a thing is the cover or skin that overlies or hides the true substance.

In nature, seen under ordinary daylight, there are for the healthy human eye about eleven hundred distinguishable colors. For a hundred and two of these, Roget has names; but the number of color-names in modern French is said to be not short of five hundred. Alma Tadema reproduces his color-impressions of the antique world by a palette of twelve colors, while the palette of Virgil's vocabulary contains twenty-seven terms of high colors, and fifteen more for shades due to excess or deficiency of illumination.

An ingenious set of comparisons leads the author up to the ratio of the occurrence of each set of colorterms to the entire eleven hundred. "His perceptions of color are clearest and strongest in the middle of the spectrum; even in his sensuous imagination, he is temperate and reserved, avoiding the extremes of sensation, and dwelling by preference upon the mean terms, the media via of visual perception."

Prof. Price draws attention to the striking coincidence of scientific accuracy with prophetic genius in the phrase of Virgil, Mille coloribus arcum (Ecl., v. 609), and the discovery of Aubert (Rood, p. 40),

that in the solar spectrum the unaided eye may distinguish a thousand colors. The following terms are traced to their origin, and their fundamental idea fixed ruber, rutilus, sanguineus, cruentus, sandix, minium, ferrugo, roseus, viridis, vitreus, hyalus, igneus, spadix, flavus, fulvus, croceus, luteus, aurum, cereus, pallidus, lividus, caeruleus, purpureus, puniceus, murex, ostrum, albus, candidus, niveus, argenteus, lacteus, marmoreus, decolor, canus, glaucus, ater, niger, fuscus, fumeus, pullus, piceus. (Amer. journ. phil., v. 1.) o. T. M. [1102

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS.

Smithsonian institution.

Explorations in Louisiana. - Capt. R. W. Shufeldt, medical corps U. S. A., has, since October last, assisted by grants from the Smithsonian institution, been exploring the country in the vicinity of the city of New Orleans, La. The collection that this officer has made has just been forwarded to the institution at Washington. It consists of some three thousand specimens of very interesting forms of the representative vertebrates and invertebrates of that region, besides the contents of the Indian shell-mound situated in the rear of Carrolton, - an antiquity suspected to exist by Foster, from reports he had heard when engaged in his explorations in that locality. Among the vertebrates, some very uncommon forms of bats have been forwarded, and six or seven specimens of the rare Bascanium anthicum, and one of the Aspidonectes asper, the soft-shelled turtle, so eagerly sought after by collectors. Of the fish, Dr. T. H. Bean, curator of the department of fishes at the Smithsonian institution, says, "Two of the determinations are uncertain. The examples of Lepomis 32410 and 32419 are so small that I cannot be sure what they are, the lower pharyngeals being little developed, and with incomplete dentition; 32412, 32414, and 32420 agree with the published descriptions of Zygonectes chrysoties Günth., but they may represent a species quite distinct from that. I will try to get fuller information about Günther's types through some one of my friends who will visit the British museum next summer. The species called Mollienesia latipinna would be regarded as M. lineolata by our friends, Jordan and Gilbert; but I think your series will prove that lineolata is not distinct from latipinna; and, as latipinna is the older name, we should use it. The lot of Elassoma zonatum (32423 = No. 108) is the largest and finest ever known in this museum, and there is no probability that any collector has secured a better series. The range of variation is greatly extended by them, and a new locality is found. O. P. Hay had the species from Mississippi; it is known, also, from Alabama, Texas, and South Illinois."

Dr. Shufeldt will work this material up for publication by the Smithsonian institution as soon as the opportunity offers.

STATE INSTITUTIONS.

State university of Kansas, Lawrence. Weather report for May. - This month had the largest rainfall, the greatest aggregate wind-velocity, and, with one exception (1882), the lowest mean temperature, recorded in any May of our sixteen years' obser

vations. The light white frost of the 22d did no damage to vegetation, and the growing crops are in prime condition at the close of the month.

Mean temperature, 62.05°, which is 4.08° below the average May temperature. The highest temperature was 91°, on the 2d; the lowest was 39°, on the 22d; monthly range, 520: mean temperature at 7 A.M., 56.19°; at 2 P.M., 71.13°; at 9 P.M., 60.45°.

Rainfall, 7.63 inches, which is 3.56 inches above the May average. There were five thunder-showers. Hail accompanied the rain of the 13th without damage at this station. On the 13th the rainfall was three and one-half inches, which daily register has been but twice exceeded in the past sixteen years. Of this amount, two inches fell in one hour and threequarters, from 3.45 to 5.30 P.M. The entire rainfall for the five months of 1883 now completed has been 14.07 inches, which is 2.25 inches above the average for the same period in the past fifteen years.

Mean cloudiness, 47.63% of the sky, the month being 1.75% clearer than usual. Number of clear days (less than one-third cloudy), 11; entirely clear, 3; half-clear (from one to two thirds cloudy), 14; cloudy (more than two-thirds), 6; entirely cloudy, 3; mean cloudiness at 7 A.M., 46.77%; at 2 P.M., 56.45%; at 9 P.M., 39.68%.

Wind: N.W., 25 times; S. E., 20 times; S. W., 16 times; S.. 14 times; N. E., 13 times; W., 3 times; N., twice. The entire distance travelled by the wind was 15,661 miles, which is 3,334 miles above the May average. This gives a mean, daily velocity of 505 miles, and a mean hourly velocity of 21.04 miles. The highest velocity was 60 miles an hour, on the 13th.

Mean height of barometer, 29.010 inches; at 7 A.M., 29.017 inches; at 2 P.M., 28.989 inches; at 9 P.M., 29.029 inches; maximum 29.355 inches, on the 5th; minimum, 28.496 inches, on the 13th; range, 0.859 inch.

Relative humidity: mean for month, 64.5; at 7 A.M., 75.3; at 2 P.M., 45.9; at 9 P.M., 72.3; greatest, 100, on 13th; least, 14, on the 9th.

NOTES AND NEWS.

The American association for the advancement of science will hold its thirty-second annual meeting at Minneapolis, Minn., Aug. 15 and following days. The president-elect is Prof. C. A. Young of Princeton, and the following is the list of the general officers of the meeting: section A (Mathematics and astronomy), vice-president, W. A. Rogers of Cambridge; secretary, W. W. Johnson of Annapo

lis. B (Physics), vice-president, H. A. Rowland of Baltimore; secretary, C. K. Wead of Ann Arbor. C (Chemistry), vice-president, E. W. Morley of Cleveland; secretary, J. W. Langley of Ann Arbor. D (Mechanical science), vice-president, De Volsen Wood of Hoboken; secretary, [to be chosen at meeting]. E (Geology and geography), vice-president, C. H. Hitchcock of Hanover; secretary, A. A. Julien of New York. F (Biology), vice-president, W. J. Beal of Lansing; secretary, S. A. Forbes of Normal. G (Histology and microscopy), vice-president, J. D. Cox of Cincinnati; secretary, C. Seiler of Philadelphia. H(Anthropology), vice-president, O. T. Mason of Washington; secretary, G. H. Perkins of Burlington. I (Economic science and statistics), vice-president, F. B. Hough of Lowville; secretary, J. Cummings of Evanston. The permanent secretary is F. W. Putnam of Cambridge; the general secretary (of the meeting), J. R. Eastman of Washington; assistant general secretary, Alfred Springer of Cincinnati; and the treasurer, William Lilly of Mauch Chunk.

The headquarters of the association will be at the State university; the hotel headquarters of the permanent secretary, the Nicollet House. Members expecting to attend the meeting are requested to notify the local secretary, Prof. N. H. Winchell, Minneapolis, as early as possible. Badges of membership will be distributed to all who register.

The following are the principal officers of the local committee. Chairman and treasurer, Hon. George A. Pillsbury; secretary, Prof. N. H. Winchell; and chairmen of the several sub-committees, as follows: invitations and reception, President W. W. Folwell; finance, J. C. Seeley, Esq.; transportation and excursions, Thomas Lowry, Esq.; entertainment, hotels, lodgings, and luncheons, Hon. A. C. Rand; rooms and places of meetings, Hon. Eugene M. Wilson; printing, David Blakely, Esq.

-The annual meeting of the Society for the promotion of agricultural science will be held in Minneapolis, Aug. 13 and 14, just previous to the meeting of the American association.

-It is announced that Lieut. Schwatka, accompanied by Assistant Surgeon Wilson, C. A. Homan, U. S. engineer corps, and three private soldiers, left for Chilkat, Alaska, May 22, from Portland, Or., on the steamer Victoria. They are provisioned for a six-months' cruise, will employ Indians for packers, etc., and intend to ascend the Chilkat River to its head, make the passage to the head waters of the Lewis River, and descend the same to its junction with the Yukon, and descend the Yukon River to its mouth. It is said to be their intention to survey the course of these rivers; and there is no doubt that a properly qualified and equipped party would find abundance of useful work ready to their hands. The whole route has been travelled before, but not

by persons in search of, and qualified to obtain, geographical information, except in very small part. The explorations of the Krause brothers on the Chilkat and vicinity have been alluded to before. The Yukon has been superficially examined by McMurray, Ketchum, Zagoskin, Dall, Whymper, Raymond, Nelson, and others, and a few points have been astronomically determined; but nothing like an exact map has been attempted, nor do the data for it exist. Astronomical and magnetic observations anywhere along its banks, and especially any data for a map of the Lewis River and its feeders (which are only known from the reports of prospectors and natives), would be of the highest interest.

- The treasurer of the American committee of the Balfour memorial acknowledges the following additional subscriptions: Prof. L. A. Wait, Cornell university, $5; Dr. M. J. Roberts, post-graduate medical school, New York, $5; Prof. E. A. Birge, University of Wisconsin, $10; Adam Bruce, Princeton college, $4; W. M. Rankin, Princeton college, $2; W. B. Scott, Princeton college, $10; Lyceum natural history, Williams college, $5; classes '83 and '85, Williams college, $10; S. F. Clarke, Williams college, $10; Warren E. Dennis, Newark, N.J., $4; Abraham Jacobi, New York, $10; T. M. Prudden, New York, $5; L. Waldstein, New York, $10; William H. Welch, New York, $10; Miss G. A. Lewis, Philadelphia, $1; Joseph Leidy, Philadelphia, $4; C. S. Minot, Harvard medical school, $5; E. Burgess, Boston society natural history, $5; J. B. Steere, University of Michigan, $4; A. Winchell, University of Michigan, $7; Students' literary department, University of Michigan, $5.70. Previously acknowledged, $518.25.

- Mr. A. H. Keane, whose recent appointment as lecturer in Hindustani, at University college, London, has been raised by the council to full professorship, in consideration of Mr. Keane's great eminence as a scholar,' has just issued a prospectus for a work entitled 'A classification of the races of mankind,' which will form two large octavo volumes of about six hundred pages each. He aims in it to provide the student of ethnology with a comprehensive treatise on the races of mankind, which shall correspond with the present state of anthropologic knowledge, and supersede all previous attempts of this sort, however well done. To use his own words, "In the general introduction such broad questions will be dealt with as the evolution of man, the antiquity and specific unity of the species, the present varieties of mankind, the physical and moral criteria of race, the fundamental human types, their evolution and dispersion, the peopling of the continents, the origin of articulate speech, the morphological orders and families of speech, the problem of specific linguistic diversity within the same ethnical group."

He will then deal with the great physical divisions of the human family, discussing each of its