as to prevent infringement by copying, engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the application for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as 'cabinet size,' should be mailed to the librarian of congress within ten days from the completion of the work or design.

(12) No Labels or Names Copyright. - "Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor upon mere names of companies or articles, nor upon prints or labels intended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must be made to the patent-office, where they are registered at a fee of six dollars for labels, and twenty-five dollars for trade-marks.

(13) "Citizens or residents of the United States only are entitled to copyright.

(14) Full Name of Proprietor Required.—"Every applicant for a copyright should state distinctly the full name and residence of the claimant, and whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required."

PATENTS. The United States government grants letters-patent to "inventors or discoverers of any new or useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement on such, which had been previously unknown, and which had not been used by others, and which had not been on sale or in public use for more than two years prior to the application for a patent." This business is conducted in Washington, in the patent-office, under the direction and control of the commissioner of patents, who receives applications and superintends the granting and issuing

of patents, in accordance with the various acts of congress passed at different times on this subject.

The patent-office employs many clerks, called examiners, who investigate the claims of every invention for which a patent is solicited.

The patent itself is the official document issued in the name of the United States, for the period of seventeen years. It has connected with it a description of the invention, with such drawings as the nature of the case permits. Its cost is thirty dollars. Each article offered for sale by the patentee must be stamped with the word "patent," with the date when the patent was issued.

CLAUSE IO. "To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations.”

Piracies were formerly much more common than they are at the present time. This clause confers upon congress not only the power to punish, but also the right to define piracies and felonies upon the high seas. Accordingly congress has declared what felonies shall be treated as piracies. Among these are murder and robbery on the high seas, or on any river, in any haven, or bay, out of the jurisdiction of any particular state; or any offence, which, if committed within the body of the country, would, by the laws, be punishable with death.

The slave trade for more than three-fourths of a century has been declared piracy.

This clause also includes offences against the law of nations. By the law of nations is meant those principles of justice, and those usages which define the rights and limit the duties of nations in their intercourse one

with another, both in peace and war. As illustrations of offences against the law of nations, might be mentioned, disregard of treaties, infringement of the rights of ambassadors, and violation of passports.

CLAUSE II. "To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water."

It is here to be noticed, that while on the one hand the right to make treaties with foreign nations is granted to the president by and with the advice of the senate, yet on the other hand the right to declare war is granted to the legislative department of the government. Both of these rights in England are the prerogatives of the king.

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL are commissions granted by the government, generally in time of war, to permit individuals to go beyond the limits of the country and seize upon the property of a foreign state, or of its citizens or subjects, as a reparation for some injury committed by such a state, or its citizens or subjects. This custom was formerly quite common, but of late has fallen into disrepute, and many nations have agreed to discontinue its use.

CLAUSE 12. "To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years."

By this clause the power to raise and support armies is placed in the hands of congress. It is, however, necessary to guard against the possibility of a military despotism. If appropriations were made by law, for an indefinite period of time, the president, who is commander-in-chief, could gather under his control an army