it is necesary to provide for the exigencies of preservation: but life once assured, the claims of comfort can assert themselves and this new need becomes greater than the former. The first implements served to make arms, or rather they were the arms themselves. Equally useful in the chase and war, arms were the utensils of industry which gave life to the savage peoples, procured for them their prey and suppressed their competitors. By them man was enabled to establish his warlike exploitation over the animal kingdom, of which the resources then had for him the greatest value:

"Later when his desires extended over other domains of nature, arms having no longer a sufficient utility, he was obliged to invent utensils. The passage from one to the other was gradually effected. It was natural to employ at first for all purposes the weapons which they had present with them, and to make them fill on occasions industrial functions for which they were fairly well fitted."

The baton, that weapon of impact, at first became a lever to move weights, a hoe to stir the dirt, a pole to direct the raft, a handle for all implements. The chipped flint with which the hunter killed his prey served to cut it up, to scrape and limber up the skin, to slice it into strips. The battle axe became the hatchet, the tomahawk, the hammer. But this confusion of arms and utensils, unavoidable at first, gradually ceased as occupations became specialized, and these two classes of implements, taking forms more and more distinct, in view of their exclusive fields of utility, separated almost entirely, to follow, by different roads, the course of a progressive evolution.

When improvements had been made in weapons so that the primitive man was able to contend successfully with the beasts of prey, his attention was next turned against the savage of the nearest horde to whom he was in a state of continual hostility. This was but natural, for he looked every appropriation by the stranger as so much taken away from himself. Every fruit picked and every beast killed left that much less for the support of his own people. Thus his attention and inventive faculties were turned to the improvement of his present weapons of destruction and the discovery of new ones. To quote from

Boeheim: "The way from barbarism to civilization was exactly as usual where a people is pressing toward intellectual development. Here also the striving was towards security of life and property together with a desire for comfort and a higher form of life, and the greatest exertions were directed toward the perfection of weapons."

Here we find the philosophy of the savage most clearly shown. Within his own group peace and order must prevail. There must be no quarrels or bloodshed here, for the loss of a man means a smaller fighting force to be arrayed against the neighboring group. Within the group then industrialism prevails, and the work is turned over to the women and slaves; the two non-fighting groups. To all without there is war, and to this end militancy is developed. At this point organization comes in as a gift of the military system. In the long run that tribe will prevail which has its forces best managed and controlled by one leader. After it has been seen that this principle of leadership is advantageous in war, nothing is more natural than that the chief should continue to hold sway in time of peace and direct the internal organization.

War between barbarous people is carried on either for the sake of revenge or for the acquisition of property without work. The most valuable property was women. When they were brought into the new horde they carried with them all the arts of their own, and thus by combining the two, war served the purpose of advancing the useful arts.

Again captives were made, and when the conquerors had been sufficiently educated to see that by making them slaves a greater advantage could be gained than by killing them, a permanent working force was gained to help the women, and the habit of persistent industry was first taught by compulsion. This requires either a pastoral or agricultural horde with strong central authority. This implies a great advance in civilization and is typified by the numerous instances of nomads ruling tillers.

I can but touch upon the great influence war has had in shaping the religions of the world. The moral distinctions are not good and bad according to our standards, but brave and

cowardly. It is the warrior alone who goes to the happy land. Valhalla is only for the Norseman slain on the field of battle. The god is simply a great chieftain. He is the "Mighty One," the "Lord of Hosts," the "God of Battle."

One of the most distinctive traits of the savage is the sense of vanity. The native beauty will go about dressed in a tuft of grass if she is extremely modest, yet with such a quantity of rings about her limbs that she can with difficulty do her daily tasks. From her neck will be suspended numerous talismans, and her coiffure will be most elaborate. The ornaments of the savage man are confined mostly to his amulets and weapons. He could not be persuaded to hoe his maze for half an hour, but he will spend months in carving the shaft of his spear or working over his war club. Lippert says, "The primitive man seeks to have about his person some object which shall serve as an adornment and have a peculiar identity, or be a distinguishing mark of the owner. From earliest times weapons of war have served purposes of utility and adornment at the same time, and have been a token of nobility far more than any other class of article." The decorated war clubs of the Fiji Islanders are made with such an expenditure of diligence, patience and skill that it seems as if they were for some other purpose than simply war. Their owners give them pet names and fairly worship them.

The only private property of the warrior of the early and middle ages which had a personality (if this word may be used) was his sword. This was peculiarly the property of the knight. He named it, and it was handed down from generation to generation as a priceless possession.

With steel swords the Indians instituted a complete cult. In the Bhrat Sanhita was a whole chapter filled with the description of the probable fortune of the owner of a sword with certain distinguishing marks.

The best metal work done by a nation is generally in its arms and weapons. A man may be willing to use a poor plow to till the ground, or a half worn-out scraper for preparing skins, but when he goes to battle he wants to be sure that he can trust the weapons which shall ward off destruction from him.

Hence the finest smiths are usually to be found making weapons. If they do no other work in iron they probably make arms. Beck says, "The Ashantees do not know how to separate iron from the ore, but they can work it. They make swords and other weapons." When a traveler returns from a journey among savages and wants to bring back with him some of their finest specimens of workmanship, he may take along a little of their basket work, or a specimen of carving in ivory or stone, but in nine cases out of ten it is a collection of weapons which shows the native workman at his best.

Dr. Holub says of the Zulus, "Their assegais show a pleasing form, good workmanship, are suited to their various uses, and represent the best product of metal working which I have had the opportunity to observe in South Africa." We know the Gauls were good workmen in iron, and yet almost the only instances of their skill that have come down to us are spear points and swords. The finest remains from the Hallstatt and La Tene periods, as well as of the bronze age in the Swiss Lake Dwellers are the weapons. The swords of the last deposit represent the perfection of bronze work and show very clearly this peculiar identity which gives the sword a place above all other articles of personal use.

Ratzel refers to the arms of the Bushman as follows: "His weapons make existence possible for him, and they are generally the only and always the finest specimens of his handicraft." Undeniably the arms of Melanesia are one of the finest instances of the taste and handicraft of a primitive people and surpass all their other examples of industry and skill. Finch thinks that the war clubs of the Solamo Islanders are their best samples of art, "and leave little to be desired in the way of decoration." The art of fitting up weapons with sharks' teeth, to such an extent that one might suppose he had to do with a people of no small numbers, living in a state of constant war, reached its highest point in the Gilbert Islands. They are marvels of skill and are far superior to any other work they do. Serpa Pinto has a pretty poor idea of the handiwork of the Quillenges, and remarks that "their manufacturing powers are not remarkable and they do not seem to go much

further than the fashioning out of iron their assegais, arrowheads and hatchets."

In some parts of Africa there are tribes who are smiths, and some of these make nothing but weapons. Stuhlmann says the Wawira get their weapons from the Wadumbo, who are the best smiths of the region, and famous for their rhombic arrowheads and spear points. The Apono smiths make all the iron implements required by the tribe with the exception of the swords. These they do not consider themselves capable of making, but obtain from the Abombos and Njanis, who are the most famous iron workers about there. Baumann writes thus of the Wataturu: "Their spear points are finely ornamented and have also much decoration on the shaft. They are made by a special caste of smiths called Gidamudiga, which alone of the caste of smiths is not despised." The Elkomono are a special class of smiths among the natives. The Massai despise them and will not intermarry with them. We have many

instances where the smiths are of a conquered race, but this is the only one I have found where weapon makers are despised outside of Greece and Rome, where all paid labor was looked upon as base. On the contrary, it is generally the case that they draw to themselves part of the glory which surrounds the wielders of their weapons and are looked upon as quite a superior class in the community. This is probably in part due to the fact that they are the finest and most skillful workmen of the place. The fame of a sword maker among the early Germans went far and wide. They were the most respected and accomplished class of workmen among them. They had special gods and Odin was their protector. Mimir and Wieland were divine sword smiths, who had come down to earth to instruct them. In Japan the swordmaker belonged to the highest class of workmen, and his position placed considerable duties upon himself and his attendants, before all in purity of morals and practice of charity. The sword was wrought in a richly decorated workshop, in which the master with gorgeous apparel, and in the presence of his family and the party who had ordered the sword, carried on the work.