suffer by famine, 109. Plague, 110. The retreat of Alaric purchased by a ransom, 111, Is again besieged by Alaric, 117. The senate unites with him in electing Attalus emperor, 119. The city seized by Alaric, and plun- dered, 122. Comparison between this event, and the sack of Rome by the emperor Charles V. 131. Alaric quits Rome, and ravages Italy, 133. Laws passed for the relief of Rome, and Italy, 141. Triumph of Honorius for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 155. Is preserved from the hands of Attila by a ransom, 296. Indications of the ruin of the empire, at the death of Valentinian III. 304. Sack of the city by Genseric king of the Vandals,. 310. The public buildings of, protect- ed from depredation by the laws of Majorian, 326. Is sacked again by the patrician Rickmer, 356. Augustulus, the last, emperor.. of the West, 360. The decay of the Roman spirit re- marked, 366. History of monastic in- stitutions in,374. General observations on the history of the Roman empire, 485.
Rome Italy conquered by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, v. 9. Prosperity of the city under his government, 21. Ac- count of the four factions in the circus, 54. First introduction of silk among the Romans, 65. The office of consul suppressed by Justinian, 109. The city receives Belisarius, 161. Siege of, by the Goths, ibid. Distressful siege of, by Totila the Goth, 259. Is taken, 261. Is recovered by Belisarius, 264. Is again taken by Totila, 268. Is taken by the eunuch Narses, 276. Extinc- tion of the senate, 278. The city degraded to the second rank under the exarchs of Ravenna, 285. A re- view of the Roman laws, 302. Extent of the dutchy of, under the exarchs of Ravenna, 403. Miserable state of the city, 411. Pontificate of Gregory the Great, 416.
Rome, the government of the city new modelled under the popes, after their revolt from the Greek emperors, vi. 170. It attacked by the Lombards, and delivered by king Pepin, 174. The office and rank of exarchs and patri- cians explained, 178. Reception of Charlemagne by pope Adrian I. 179. Origin of the temporal power of the popes, 180. Mode of electing a pope,
205. Is menaced by the Saracens, 447 Prosperous pontificate of Leo IV. 449 Is besieged and taken by the emperor Henry III. vii. 137. Great part of the city burnt by Robert Guiscard, in the cause of pope Gregory VII. 139.
The history of, resumed, after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, viii. 168. French and German empe- rors of, 169: Authority of the popes, 170. Restoration of the republican form of government, 182. Office of senator, 187. Wars against the neighbouring cities, 194. Institution of the Jubilee, 203. Revolution in the city, by the tri- bune Rienzi, 217. Calamities flowing from the schism of the papacy, 242. Statutes and government of the city, 249 Porcaro's conspiracy, 251. The ecclesiastical government of, 256. Re- flections of Poggius on the ruin of the city, 259. Four principal causes of its ruin specified, 262. The Coliseum of Titus, 274. Restoration and ornaments of the city, 281.
Romilda, the betrayer of Friuli to the Avars, her cruel treatment by them, v. 459.
Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund king of the Gepida, her marriage with Al- boin king of the Lombards, v. 384. Conspires his murder, 391. Her flight and death, 392.
Roum, the Seljukian kingdom of, form- ed, vii. 183.
Rudbeck, Olaus, summary abridgment of the argument in his Atlantica, i. 244.
Rufinus, the confidential minister of the emperor Theodosius the Great, stimu lates his cruelty against Thessalonica, iii. 432. His character and administra- tion, iv. 2. His death, 16.⚫ Rugilas, the Hun, his settlement in Hun- gary, iv. 232.
Runic characters, the antiquity of, trac- ed, i. 245. note.
Russia, origin of the monarchy of, vii.
84. Geography and trade of, 86. Na val expeditions of the Russians against Constantinople, 89. Reign of the czar Swatoslaus, 93. The Russians con- verted to Christianity, 96. Is conquer- ed by the Moguls, 462. Rustan, a Persian nobleman, a saying of his expressive of the danger of living under despots, i. 90.
Rutilius, his character of the monks of Capraria, iv. 23.
Sabellius the heresiarch, his opinions af- terward adopted by his antagonists, iii. 16. His doctrine of the Trinity, 19. The Sabellians unite with the Trithe- ists at the council of Nice to overpow- er the Arians, 21. Sabians, their astronomical mythology, vi. 241.
Sabinian obtains the command of the Eastern provinces from Constantius, ii. 367.
Sabinian, general of the East, is defeated by Theodoric the Ostrogoth king of Italy, v. 18.
Sabinians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman civil law, v. 322. Sadducees, account of that sect among the Jews, ii. 80.
Saladin, his birth, promotion and charac. ter, vii. 274. Conquers the kingdom of Jerusalem, 278. His ineffectual siege of Tyre, 281. Siege of Acre, 283. His negotiations with Richard I. of England, 287. His death, 288. Salerno, account of the medical school of, vii. 122.
Salic laws, history of, iv. 443.
Sallust, the præfect and friend of the em- peror Julian, declines the offer of the diadem on his death, iii. 218. Declines it again on the death of Jovian, 239. Is retained in his employment by the emperor Valentinian, 244.
Sallust, the historian, by what funds he raised his palace on the Quirinal hill, iv. 128. note.
Salona, the retreat of the emperor Dio- cletian, described, i. 439. Salvian, his account of the distress and re- bellion of the Bagaudæ, iv. 305. note. Samanides, the Saracen dynasty of, vi. 461.
Samaritans, persecution and extinction of, by the emperor Justinian, vi. 43. Samuel the prophet, his ashes conveyed to Constantinople, iii. 473. Sapor, king of Persia, procures the assas- sination of Chosroes king of Armenia, and seizes the country, i. 302. Defeats the emperor Valerian, and takes him prisoner, 303. Sets up Cyriades as suc- cessor to Valerian in the Roman em. pire, ibid. Over-runs Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia, 304. His death, 346. Sapor, the son of Hormouz, is crowned king of Persia before his birth, ii. 313. His character and early heroism, 314, VOL. VIII.
Harasses the Eastern provinces of the Roman empire, 316. Battle of Singa- ra, against the emperor Constantius, 317. His son brutally killed by Con- stantius, 319. His several attempts on Nisibis, ibid. Concludes a truce with Constantius, 321. His haughty propo- sitions to Constantius, 360. Invades Mesopotamia, 362. Reduces Amida, 365. Returns home, 366. His peaceful overtures to the emperor Julian, iii. 175. His consternation at the succes- ses of Julian, 206. Harasses the retreat of the Romans, 211. His treaty with the emperor Jovian, 222. His reduc- tion of Armenia, and death, 293, 296. Saracen, various definitions of that appel- lation, vi. 230. note.
Saracens, successions of the caliphs of, vi. 295. Their rapid conquests, 314. Conquest of Persia, 322. Siege of Da- mascus, 331. Battle of Yermuk and conquest of Syria, 345. Of Egypt, 357. Invasions of Africa, 372. Their mili- tary character, vii. 34.
Sarbar, the Persian general, joins the Avars in besieging Constantinople, v. 470. Revolts to the emperor Heracli- us, 473.
Sardinia, expulsion of the Vandals from, by Marcellinus, iv. 344. Is conquered by Zano, the brother of Gelimer king of the Vandals, v. 131. Is surrendered to Belisarius, 134.
Sarmatians, memorable defeat of, by the emperor Carus, i. 381. Their man- ners described, ii. 302. Brief history of, 304. They apply to Constantine the Great for assistance against the Goths, 305. Are expelled their country by the Limigantes, 307. Are restored by Constantius, 360.
Savage manners, a brief view of, i. 248.
Are more uniform than those of civi- lised nations, iii. 314.
Sarus, the Goth, plunders the camp of Stilicho, and drives him into the hands of the emperor at Ravenna, iv. 75. Insults Alaric, and occasions the sack- ing of Rome, 122. Is killed by Adol- phus king of the Visigoths, 149. Saturninus, one of the competitors for empire against Gallienus, his observa- tion on his investiture, i. 312. Saturninus, lieutenant under the empe ror Probus, in the East, is driven into rebellion by his troops, i. 376. Saxons, ancient, an account of, iii. 276. Their piratical confederations, 277.
Their invasions of Gaul checked by the Romans, 278. How converted to Christianity, iv. 394. Descent of the Saxons on Britain, 468. Their brutal desolation of the country, 477. Scanderbeg, prince of Albania, his histo- ry, viii. 111.
Scatinian law of the Romans, account of, v. 371.
Scaurus, the patrician family of, how re- duced under the emperors, ii. 246.
Schism in religion, the origin of, traced, ii. 70.
Science reducible to four classes, vi. 439.
Sclavonians, their national character, v. 199. Their barbarous inroads on the Eastern empire, 201. Of Dalmatia, ac- count of, vii. 70.
Scots and Picts, the nations of, how dis- tinguished, iii. 279, 280. Invasions of Britain by, 282.
Scythians, this name vaguely applied to mixed tribes of Barbarians, i. 300. Their pastoral manners, iii. 314. Ex- tent and boundaries of Scythia, 324. Revolutions of, iv. 53. Their mode of war, 250.
Sebastian, master-general of the infantry
under the emperor Valens, his success- ful expedition against the Go hs, iii. 359. Is killed in the battle of Hadria- nople, 363.
Sebastian, the brother of the usurper Jo- vinus, is associated with him in his as- sumed Imperial dignities, iv. 149. Sebastocrator, import of that title in the Greek empire, vii. 18..
Seez, in Normandy, the bishop and chap- ter of, all castrated, viii. 174. note. Segestan, the princes of, support their independency obstinately against Ar- taxerxes, i. 229. note.
Segued, emperor of Abyssinia, is with his whole court converted by the Je- suits, vi. 76.
Selden, his sententious character of tran- substantiation, vi. 151. note. Seleucia, the great city of, ruined by the Romans, i. 231.
Seleucus Nicator, number of cities found- ed by him, i. 229. note.
Seljuk, Turkish dynasty of the house of, vii. 165. Division of their empire,
Sergeant, legal and military import of that term, vii. 328. note. -Severus Septimius, general of the Panno.
nian legions, assumes the purple on the death of Pertinax, i. 126. His con- duct toward the Christians, ii. 183. Senate of Rome is reformed by Augustus, i. 68. Its legislative and judicial pow- ers, 77. Abortive attempt of, to re- sume its rights after the murder of Caligula, 81. Its legal jurisdiction over the emperors, 111. Is subjected to military despotism, by Severus, 140. Women excluded from this assembly by a solemn law, 168. The form of a secret meeting, 199. Measures taken to support the authority of the two Gordians, 200. The senate elect Maxi- mus and Balbinus emperors on the deaths of the Gordians, 201. They drive the Allemanni out of Italy, 291. The senators forbid to exercise milita- ry employments by Gallienus, ibid. Elect Tacitus, the father of the senate, emperor, 360. Prerogatives gained to the senate, by this election, 361. Their power and authority annihilated by Diocletian, 427.
-, Amount of the coronary gold, or customary free gift of,to the emperors, ii 285. The claim of Julian to the empire admitted, iii. 97.、
Petitions of, to the emperors, for the restoration of the altar of victory, iii. 453. The Pagan religion renounced, 455. Debates of, on the proposals of Alaric the Goth, iv. 71. Genealogy of the senators, 86. Passes a decree for putting to death Serena the widow of Stilicho, 109. Under the influence of Alaric, elects Atialus emperor, 119. Trial of Arvandus, a prætorian præfect of Gaul, 350. Surrenders the sovereign power of Italy to the emperor of the East, 363.
Extinction of that illustrious as- sembly, v. 278.
-, Restoration of, in the twelfth cen- tury, viii. 189. The assembly resolved into single magistrates, 187. Serapion, his lamentation for the loss of a personified deity, vi. 8.
Serapis, history of his worship, and of his temple at Alexandria, iii. 461. The temple destroyed, 463. Serena, neice of the emperor Theodosi- us, married to his general St licho, iv. 12. Is cruelly strangled by order of the Roman senate, iv. 109.
Severinus, St. encourages Odoacer to as- sume the dominion of Italy, iv. 362. His body how disposed of, 366. note.
Severus is declared Cæsar on the abdica- tion of Diocletian and Maximian, ii. 3. His defeat and death, 12. Severus is appointed general of the caval- ry in Gaul, under Julian, ii. 381. Shepherds and warriors, their respective modes of life compared, iii. 315. Shiites, a sect of Mahometans, their dis- tinction from the Sonnites, vi. 297. Siberia, extreme coldness of the climate,
and miserable state of the natives of, iii. 326. Is seized and occupied by the Tartars, vii. 464.
Sicily, reflections on the distractions in that island, i. 314. Is conquered by the Saracens, vi. 446. Introduction of the silk manufacture there, vii. 12. Ex- -ploits of the Normans there. 110. Is conquered by count Roger, 123. Ro- ger, son of the former, made king of, 142. Reign of William the Bad, 152. Reign of William the Good, 153. Con- quest of, by the emperor Henry VI. 155. Is subdued by Charles of Anjou, 410. The Sicilian Vespers, 414. Sidonius Apollinaris the poet, his humour- ous treatment of the capitation tax, ii. 281. His character of Theodoric king of the Visigoths in Gaul, iv. 315. His panegyric on the emperor Avitus, 319. His panegyric on the emperor Anthemius, 340.
Sigismond, king of the Burgundians, murders his son, and is canonised, iv. 433. Is overwhelmed by an army of Franks, ibid.
Silentiarius, Paul, his account of the va- rious species of stone and marble em- ployed in the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, v. 86 note. Silk, first manufactured in China, and
then in the small Grecian island of Ceos, v. 65. A peculiar kind of silk procured from the pinna marina, 66. The silk-worm, how introduced to Greece, 70. Progress of the manufac- ture of, in the tenth century, vii. 12. Simeon, persecutor of the Paulicians, becomes a proselyte to their opinions, vii. 55.
Simeon, king of Bulgaria, his exploits, vii. 71.
Simeon Stylites, the hermit, his extraor- dinary mode of life, iv. 389. Simony, an early instance of, i. 189. note. Simplicius, one of the last surviving Pa- gan philosophers of Athens, his writ- ings, and character, v. 109.
Singara, battle of, between the emperor
Constantius, and Sapor king of Persia, ii. 317. The city of, reduced by Sa- por, 367. Is yielded to him by Jovian, iii. 223.
Singeric, brother of Sarus, is made king of the Goths, iv. 153. Singidunum is perfidiously taken by Baian chagan of the Avars, v. 438. Sirmium is perfidiously taken by Baian chagan of the Avars, v. 438. Siroes deposes and murders his father Chosroes II. king of Persia, v. 478. His treaty of peace with the emperor Heraclius, ibid.
Sisebut, a Gothic king of Spain, perse- cutes the Jews there, i. 415.
Sixtus V. pope, character of his admin- istration, viii. 257.
Slave, strange perversion of the original sense of that appellation, vii. 69. Slaves, among the Romans, who, and their condition described, i. 45. Slavery, personal, imposed on captives by the barbarous nations, iv. 454. Sleepers, seven, narrative of the legen- dary tale of, iv. 228.
Smyrna, capture of, by Tamerlane, viii.
Society, philosophical, reflections on the revolutions of, iv. 493.
Soffarides, the Saracen dynasty of, vi.
Soldiers, Roman, their obligations and discipline, i. 11. When they first re- ceived regular pay, 178.
Soliman, sultan, conquers Asia Minor, vii. 182. Fixes his residence at Nice, 184. Nice taken by the first crusaders, 229. Battle of Dorylæum, 230. Soliman, the son of Bajazet, his charac- ter, viii. 32. His alliance with the Greek emperor Manuel Palæologus, 35.
Solomon, king of the Jews, not the au- thor of the book which bears the name of his Wisdom, iii. 8. Reasons for sup- posing he did not write either he book of Ecclesiastes or the Proverbs, v. 140. note.
Solomon the eunuch relieves the Roman province in Africa, from the depreda- tions of the Moors, v. 144. Revolt of his troops at Carthage, 248. Is defeated and killed by Antalus the Moor, 251.
Solyman, caliph of the Saracens, under- takes the siege of Constantinople, vi. 413. His enormous appetite, and death, 415.
Sonnites, in the Mahometan religion, their tenets, vi. 297. Sopator, a Syrian philosopher, beheaded by Constantine the Great, on a charge of binding the wind by magic, iii. 43.
Sophia, the widow of Justin II. her con- spiracy against the emperor Tiberius, v. 396.
Sophia, St. foundation of the church of, at Constantinople, v. 84. Its descrip- tion, 85. Is converted into a mosch, viii. 158.
Sophian, the Arab, commands the first
siege of Constantinople, vi. 409. Sophronia, a Roman matron, kills herself to escape the violence of Maxentius, ii. 24. note.
Sortes Sanctorum, a mode of Christian divination, adopted from the Pagans, iv. 436. note.
Soul, uncertain opinions of the ancient philosophers as to the immortality of, ii. 77. This doctrine more generally received among the barbarous nations, and for what reason, 80. Was not taught by, Moses, ibid. Four different prevailing doctrines as to the origin of, vi. 4. note.
Sozopetra destroyed by the Greek empe- ror Theophilus, vi. 452. Spain, the province of, described, i. 22. Great revenues raised from this pro- vince by the Romans, 179. Is ravaged by the Franks, 288.
, review of the history of, iv. 153. Is invaded by the barbarous nations, 151. The invaders conquered by Wal- lia king of the Goths, 155. Successes of the Vandals there, 214. Expedition of Theodoric king of the Visigoths in- to, 317. The Christian religion receiv- ed there, 410 Revolt and martyrdom of Hermenigild, 411. Persecution of the Jews in, 414. Legislative assem- blies of, 465.
-, Acquisitions of Justinian there, v. 146.
State of, under the emperor Char- lemagne, vi. 197. First introduction of the Arabs into the country, 385. Defeat and death of Roderic the Gothic king of, 389. Conquest of, by Musa, 392. Its prosperity under the Sara- cens, 398. The Christian faith there, supplanted by that of Mahomet, ibid. The throne of Cordova filled by Abdal- rahman, 430.
Stadium, Olympic, the races of, compar-
Stephen, a freedman of Domitilla, assas
sinates the emperor Domitian, ii. 162. Stephen, count of Chartres, his character and engagement in the first crusade, vii. 212. Deserts his standard, 238. Stephen, St. the first Christian martyr, miraculous discovery of his body, and the miracles worked by it, iii. 475. Stephen the savage, sent by the Greek emperor Justinian II. to exterminate the Chersonites, vi. 91.
Stephen III. pope, solicits the aid of Pepin king of France, against the Lombards, under the character of St. Peter, vi. 175. Crowns king Pepin, 177. Stilicho, the great general of the Western empire under the emperor Honorius, his character, iv. 11. Puts to death Rufinus the tyrannical præfect of the East. 15 His expedition against Alaric in Greece, 34. His diligent endeavours to check his progress in Italy, 41. De- feats Alaric at Pollentia, 44. Drives him out of Italy, 47. His triumph at Rome, 48. His preparations to op pose the invasion of Kadagaisus, 56. Reduces and puts him to death, 59. Supports the claims of Alaric in the Roman senate, 71. Is put to death at Ravenna, 75. His memory persecuted, 76.
Stoza heads the revolted troops of the emperor Justinian in Africa, v. 249. Strasburg, battle of, between Julian and the Allemanni, ii. 375. Successianus defends the Roman frontier against the Goths, i. 295. Suevi, the origin and renown of, i. 289. Suicide applauded and pitied by the Ro- mans, v. 376.
Sulpicius, Servius, was the highest im- prover of the Roman jurisprudence, v. 319.
Sultan, origin and import of this title of Eastern sovereignty, vii. 158. Sumnat, description of the pagoda of, in Guzarat, and its destruction by sultan Mahmud, vii. 159.
Sun, the worship of, introduced at Rome by the emperor Elagabalus, i. 162. Was the peculiar object of the devo tion of Constantine the Great, before his conversion, ii. 390. And of Julian after his apostacy, iii. 135.
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