Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor
by the disaffe ted troops of the Eastern
empire, v. 444. Murders the emperor
Maurice, and his children, 447. His
character, 448. His fall, and death,
450.

Phenicia described, i. 28.

Photius, the son of Antonina, distin-
guishes himself at the siege of Naples,
v. 187. Is exiled, 189. Betrays his
mother's vices to Belisarius, 190.
Turns monk, 192.

Photius, the patrician, kills himself to es-
cape the persecution of Justinian, vi.
42.

Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, cha-

racter of his Library, vii. 44. His quar.
rel with the pope of Rome, 303.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian,
some account of, viii. 58. note. His
embassies, 116. His fate on the tak
ing of Constantinople by the Turks,
154.

Picardy, derivation of the name of that
province, vii. 192. note.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of
Jesus Christ, much improved by the
primitive fathers, ii. 182.

Pilpay's fables, history and character of,
v. 219.

Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufac-
tured from the threads spun by this
fish, by the Romans, v. 66.

Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, es-
poused by the emperor Gallienus, i.

292.

Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competitors
against Gallienus, his illustrious family
and character, i. 311.

Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths,
i. 294.

Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the
Great, her history and marriage with
Adolphus king of the Goths, iv. 138.
Is injuriously treated by the usurper
Singeric, after the death of her hus-
band, 154. Her marriage with Con-
stantius, and retreat to Constantinople,
208. Her administration in the West,
as guardian of her son the emperor
Valentinian III. 212. History of her
daughter Honoria, 277. Her death
and burial, 301. note.

Plague, origin and nature of this disease,

v. 298. Great extent, and long dura-
tion of that in the reign of Justinian,
300.

Plato, his theological system, iii. 7. Is
received by the Alexandrian Jews, 8.

And expounded by St. John the Evan-
gelist, 9. The theological system of
the emperor Julian, 126.

Platonic philosophy introduced into Italy,
viii. 87.

Platonists, new, an account of, i. 443.
Unite with the heathen priests to op-
pose the Christians, ii. 194.
Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the
emperor Severus, his history, i. 140.
Plebeians of Rome, state and character
of, iv. 100.

Pliny the Younger, examination of his
conduct towards the Christians, ii.
163.

Poet laureat, a ridiculous appointment,
viii. 213. note.

Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of an-
cient Rome, viii. 259.

Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of
the Franks, and Alaric king of the
Goths, iv. 438.

Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the
Roman general, and Alaric the Goth,

iv. 44.

Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and
effects, i. 32. How accounted for by
the primitive Christians, ii. 73. Scep-
ticism of the people at the time of the
publication of Christianity, 119. The
Christians, why more odious to the
Pagans than the Jews, 142.

-, The ruin of, suspended by the
divisions among Christians, iii. 75.
Theological system of the emperor
Julian, 126.

Review of the Pagan ecclesias-
tical establishment, iii. 450. Revival
of, by the Christian monks, 477.
Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes
to drive Alaric from the walls by spells,
iv. 110.

Pompeianus, Ruricius, general under
Maxentius, defeated and killed by

Constantine the Great, ii. 30.
Pompey, his discretional exercise of
power during his command in the
East, i. 70. Increase of the tributes of
Asia by his conquests, 178.
Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, iii.

450.

Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by
whom that office was exercised, ii.
417.

Popes of Rome, the growth of their
power, vi. 163. Revolt of, from the
Greek emperors, 167. Origin of their
temporal dominion, 179. Publication
of the Decretals, and of the fictitious

Prefects of Rome and Constantinople,
under the emperors, the nature of
their offices, ii. 250 The office reviv.
ed at Rome, viii. 185.
Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under
lentinian, bis character, iii. 268.
Prætorian bands, in the Roman army, an
account of, i. 117. They sell the em-
pire of Rome by public auction, 119.
Are disgraced by the emperor Seve-
rus, 129. A new establishment of
them, 139. Authority of the prætorian
præfect, ibid. Are reduced, their pri
vileges abolished, and their place sup-
plied, by the Jovians and Herculeans,
428. Their desperate courage under
Maxentius, ii. 33 Are totally sup-
pressed by Constantine the Great,
36.

Prætorian præfect, revolutions of this of-
fice under the emperors, ii. 247. Their
functions when it became a civil office,
249.

Prators of Rome, the nature and tenden-

cy of their edicts explained, v. 311.
Preaching, a form of devotion unknown
in the temples of Paganism, ii. 431.
Use and abuse of, 432.
Predestination, influence of the doctrine
of, on the Saracens and Turks, vi.

271.

Presbyters, among the primitive Chris-
tians, the office explained, ii. 103.
Prester John, origin of the romantic
stories concerning, vi. 57.

Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of
Sicily from John of Anjou, vii. 414.
Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen
mirror, v. 82.

Prochus, the Platonic philosopher of
Athens, his superstition, v. 107.
Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa,
their office, ii. 252.

Procopin, wife of the Greek emperor
Michael I. her martial inclinations,
vi. 100.

Procopius, his history and revolt against
Valens emperor of the East, iii. 245.
Is reduced, and put to death, 250. His
account of the testament of the empe
ror Arcadius, iv. 193. His account of
Britain, 482. Character of his histo
ries, v. 44. Accepts the office of secre-
tary under Belisarius, 117. His de-
fence of the Roman archers, 119. His
account of the desolation of the Afri-
can province by war, 252.
Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the
Roman civil law, v. 322.
Proculus, his extraordinary character,
and his rebellion against Probus in
Gaul, i. 377.

Prodigies in ancient history, a philoso

phical resolution of, ii. 405.
Promises, under what circumstances the

Roman law enforced the fulfilment of,
v. 359.
Promotus, master general of the infantry
under Theodosius, is ruined by the
enmity of Rufinus, iv. 3.
Property, personal, the origin of, v. 350.
How ascertained by the Roman laws,
ibid. Testamentary dispositions of,
how introduced, 355.

Prophets, their office among the primitive
Christians, ii. 102.

Propontis described, ii. 224.

Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his
martial episcopacy, and violent death,
vi. 34.

Protestants, their resistance of oppres
sion, not consistent with the practice
of the primitive Christians, ii. 394.
Proportion of their number, to that of
the Catholics, in France, at the begin-
ning of the last century, 398. note. Es-
timate of their reformation of Popery,
vii. 63.

Protosebastos, import of that title in the
Greek empire, vii. 18.

Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to
be the production of king Solomon, v.
140. note.

Provinces of the Roman empire describ-

ed, i. 22. Distinction between Latin
and Greek provinces, 42. Account of
the tributes received from, 178. Their
number and government after the seat
of empire was removed to Constanti-
nople, ii. 253.

Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans,
vii. 472.

Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, i.
273.

Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodo-
sius the Younger, her character and
administration, iv. 196. Her lessons to
her brother, 198. Her contests with
the empress Eudocia, 202. Is pro-
claimed empress of the East, on the
death of Theodosius, 264. Her death
and canonisation, 337.

Purple, the royal colour of, among the
ancients, far surpassed by the modern
discovery of cochineal, v. 65. note.
Pygmies of Africa, ancient fabulous ac-
count of, iii. 292.

૨

Quadi, the inroads of, punished by the
emperor Constantius, ii. 356. Revenge
the treacherous murder of their king
Gabinius, iii, 305.

Quæstor, historical review of this office,
ii. 268.

Question, criminal, how exercised under
the Roman emperors, ii. 273.
Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condi-
anus, their history, i. 99.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Clau-
dius, his ineffectual effort to succeed
him, i. 327. note.

Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the
age in which he wrote, i. 212. note.
Quirites, the effect of that when opposed
to soldiers, i. 175. note.

R

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his for-
midable invasion of Italy, iv. 56. His
savage character, 58. Is reduced by
Stilicho, and put to death, 59.
Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to
fulfil his matrimonial obligations by a
British heroine, iv. 483.

Ramadan, the month of, how observed
by the Turks, vi. 258.

Rando, a chieftain of the Allemanni, his
⚫ unprovoked attack of Moguntiacum,
iii. 272.

Ravenna, the ancient city of, described,
iv. 51. The emperor Honorius fixes
his residence there, 52. Invasion of,
by a Greek fleet, vi. 169. Is taken by
the Lombards, and recovered by the
Venetians, 173. Final conquest of, by
the Lombards, 174. The exarchate
of, bestowed by Pepin on the pope,

180.

Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his
character, vii. 213. His route to Con-
stantinople, 219. His bold behaviour
there, 224.

Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Je-
rusalem into the hands of Saladin, vii.
278.

Raynal, Abbé, mistaken in asserting that
Constantine the Great suppressed Pa-
gan worship, iii. 71.

Rebels, who the most inveterate of, vii.

56.

Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain,

converts his Gothic subjects, iv. 412.
Reformation from popery, the amount of,
estimated, vii. 63. A secret reforma-
tion still working in the reformed
churches, 66.

Reindeer, this animal driven northward
by the improvement of climate from
cultivation, i. 241.

Relics, the worship of, introduced b the

monks, iii. 473. A valuable cargo of,.
imported from Constantinople by Lou-
is IX. of France, vii. 373.
Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts
Clovis king of the Franks, iv. 426.
Repentance, its high esteem, and exten-
sive operation, among the primitive
Christians, ii. 92.

Resurrection, general, the Mahometan
doctrine of, vi. 259.

Retiarius, the mode of his combat with
the secutor, in the Roman amphithea-
tre, i. 107.

Revenues of the primitive church, how
distributed, ii. 113. 426. Of the Ro-
man empire, when removed to Con-
stantinople, a review of, 275.
Rheteum, city of, its situation, ii. 225.
Rhetia described, i. 25.

Rhazates, the Persian general, defeated
and killed by the emperor Heraclits,
v. 474.

Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a po-

pular state, v. 104.

Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the em-
peror Valentinian, iii. 273.
Rhodes, account of the colossus of, vi.
357. The knights of, vii. 474.
Richard I. of England, engages in the
third crusade, vii. 284. Bestows the
island of Cyprus on the house of Lu-
signan, 310. His reply to the exhor-
tations of Fulk of Neuilly, 313.
Richard, monk of Cirencester, his litera-
ry character, iv. 161. note.
Ricimer, count, his history, iv. 320. Per-
mits Majorian to assume the Imperial
diguity in the Western empire, 323.
Enjoys supreme power under cover of
the name of the emperor Libius Seve-
rus, 333. Marries the daughter of
the emperor Anthemius, 340. Sacks
Rome, and kills Anthemius, 356. His
death, 357.

Rienzi, Nicholas di, his birth, character,
and history, viii. 216.

Roads, Roman, the construction and
great extent of, i. 57.

Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Con-
stantinople, vii. 366.

Robert, count of Flanders, his character
and engagement in the first crusade,
vii. 212.

Robert, duke of Normandy, his character

and engagement in the first crusade,
vii. 212. Recalled by the censures of
the church, 237.

Roderic, the Gothic king of Spain, his

defeat and death by Tarik the Arabs,
vi. 388.

Rodugune, probable origin of her charac
ter, in Rowe's Royal Convert, iv. 484.

note.

Roger, count of Sicily, his exploits and
conquest of that island, vii. 123.
Roger, son of the former, the first king
of Sicily, vin. 142. His military
achievements in Africa and Greece,

144.

Roger de Flor, engages as an auxiliary
in the service of the Greek emperor
Andronicus, vii. 416. His assassina.
tion, 418.

Romanus I. Lecapenus, emperor of Con.
stantinople, vi. 115.

Romanus II. emperor of Constantinople,
vi. 117.

Romanus III. Argyrus, emperor of Con-
stantinople, vi. 122.

Romanus IV. Diogenes, emperor of Con-
stantinople, vi. 128. Is defeated and
taken prisoner by the Turkish sultan
Alp Arslan, vii. 172. His treatment,
deliverance, and death, 174.
Romanus, count, governor of Africa, his
corrupt administration, iii. 286.
Romanus, governor of Bosra, betrays it
to the Saracens, vi. 330.
Rome, the three periods of its decline
poined out, i. Preface. Its prosperous
circumstances in the second century,
1. The principal conquests of, achiev
ed under the republic, 2. Conquests
under the emperors, 3. Military es-
tablishment of the emperors, 10. Na
val force of the empire, 20. View of
the provinces of the empire, 22. Its
general extent, 31. The union and in-
ternal prosperity of the empire, in the
age of the Antonines, accounted for,
32. Treatment of the provinces, 40.
Benefits included in the freedom of
the city, 41. Distinction between the
Latin and Greek provinces, 42. Pre-
valence of the Greek, as a scientific
language, 45. Numbers and condition
of the Roman slaves, ibid. Populous-
ness of the empire, 48. Unity and
power of the government, ib. Monu-
ments of Roman architecture, 49. The
Roman magnificence chiefly displayed
in public buildings, 53. Principal cities
in the empire, 54. Public roads, 57.
Great improvements of agriculture in
the western countries of the empire,
59. Arts of luxury, 61. Commerce

with the East, 62. Contemporary re-
presentation of the prosperity of the
empire, 64 Decline of courage and
genius, 65. Review of public affairs
after the battle of Actium, 67. The
Imperial power and dignity confirmed
to Augustus by the senate, 69: The
various characters and powers vested
in the emperor, 73. General idea of
the Imperial system, 77. Abortive at-
tempt of the senate to resume its rights
after the murder of Caligula, 81. The
emperors associate their intended suc-
cessors to power, 83. The most hap-
py period in the Roman history point-
ed out, 89. Their peculiar misery under
their tyrants, 90. The empire public.
ly sold by auction by the prætorian
guards, 119. Civil wars of the Ro-
mans, how generally decided, 133.
When the army first received regular
pay, 177. How the citizens were reliev-
ed from taxation, 178. General esti-
mate of the Roman revenue from the
provinces, 180. Miseries flowing from
the succession to the empire being
elective, 188. A summary review of
the Roman history, 217. Recapitula-
tion of the war with Parthia, 230. In-
vasion of the provinces by the Goths,
276. The office of censor revived by the
emperor Decius, 278. Peace purchased
of the Goths, 282. The emperor Va-
lerian taken prisoner by Sapor king of
Persia, 303. The popular conceit of
the thirty tyrants of Rome investi-
gated, 309. Famine and pestilence
throughout the empire, 316. The city
fortified against the inroads of the
Allemanni, 336. Remarks on the al-
leged sedition of the officers of the
mint under Aurelian, 352. Observa-
tions on the peaceful interregnum after
the death of Aurelian, 357. Colonies
of Barbarians introduced into the pro-
vinces by Probus, 374 Exhibition of
the public games by Carinus, 386.
Treaty of peace between the Persians
and the Romans, 422. The last tri-
umph celebrated at Rome, 424. How
the Imperial courts came to be trans-
ferred to Milan and Nicomedia, 426.
The prætorian bands superseded by the
Jovian and Herculean guards, 428.
The power of the senate annihilated,
429.

Four divisions of the empire
under four conjunct princes, 432.
Their expensive establishments call
for more burdensome taxes, 433.

Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the
empire, 435. Six emperors existing at
one time, ii. 17. The senate and peo-
ple apply to Constantine to deliver
them from the tyranny of Maxentius,
25. Constantine enters the city victo-
rious, 34. Laws of Constantine, 46.
Constantine remains sole emperor, 56.
History of the progress and establish-
ment of Christianity, 57. Pretensions
of the bishop of Rome, whence de-
duced, 108. State of the church at
Rome at the time of the persecution by
Nero, 126. Narrative of the fire of
Rome, in the reign of Nero, 153. The
Christians persecuted as the incendia-
ries, 154. The memorable edicts of
Diocletian and his associates against
the Christians, 198.

Rome, account of the building and es-
tablishment of the rival city of Con-
stantinople, ii. 221. New forms of ad-
ministration established there, 239.
Division of the empire among the sons
of Constantine, 312. Establishment
of Christianity as the national religion,
417. Tumults excited by the rival bi-
shops, Liberius and Fælix, iii. 61. Pa-
ganism restored by Julian, 135. And
Christianity by Jovian, 234. The em-
pire divided into the East and West,
by the emperor Valentinian, 244.
Civil institutions of Valentinian, 256.
The crafty avarice of the clergy re-
strained by Valentinian, 265. Bloody
contest of Damasus and Ursinus for
the bishopric of Rome, 267. Great
earthquake, 312.

Rome, the emperor Theodosius visits the
city, iii. 424. Inquiry into the cause of
the corruption of morals in his reign,
447. Review of the Pagan establish-
ment, 450. The Pagan religion re-
nounced by the senate, 455. Sacrifi-
ces prohibited, 457. The Pagan reli-
gion prohibited, 466. Triumph of
Honorius and Stilicho, over Alaric the
Goth, iv. 48. Alaric encamps under
the walls of the city, 83. Retrospect of
the state of the city when besieged by
Hannibal, 84. Wealth of the nobles,
and magnificence of the city, 89. Cha-
racter of the nobles of, by Ammianus
Marcellinus, 92. State and character
of the common people, 100. Public
distributions of bread, &c. 102. Public
baths, 103. Games and spectacles,
104. Attempts to ascertain the popu-
lation of the city, 105. The citizens