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Sunsen

Bunsen, ROBERT WILHELM EBERARD, Bun'ya-Bun'ya,

an eminent German chemist,

Buonarroti

the native Australian name of born at Göttingen in 1811; died in 1899. the Araucaria Bidwillii, a fine QueensHe studied at Göttingen University, and land tree with cones larger than a man's at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna; was ap- head, containing seeds that are eagerly pointed professor at the Polytechnic In- eaten by the blacks. stitute of Cassel, 1836; at the University Bun'yan, JOIN, author of The of Marburg in 1838, at Breslau in 1851, Pilgrim's Progress, was and finally professor of Experimental the son of a tinker, and was born at the Chemistry at Heidelberg in 1852. Among village of Elstow, near Bedford, in 1628; his many discoveries and inventions are died at London in 1688. He followed his the production of magnesium in quanti- father's employment, but during the civil ties, magnesium light, spectrum analysis, war he served as a soldier. Returning and the electric pile and burner bearing to Elstow, after much mental conflict his his name. mind became impressed with a deep sense

Bunsen's Battery, a form of galvanic battery, the cells of which consist of cleft cylinders of zinc immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, and rectangular prisms of carbon in nitric acid, with an intervening porous cell of unglazed earthen

ware.

Bunsen's Burner, burner especially
form of gas
adapted for heating, consisting of a tube,
in which, by means of holes in the side,
the gas becomes mixed with air before
consumption, so that it gives a non-illumi-
nating smokeless blue flame.
sometimes
Bunt,
called Smut Ball,
Pepper Brand, and Brand
Bladders, a fungoid disease incidental to
cultivated corn, consisting of a black,
powdery matter, having a disagreeable
odor, occupying the interior of the grain
of wheat and a few other Gramineæ.
This powdery matter consists of minute
balls filled with sporules, and is caused
by the attack of Tilletia caries, a kind of
mold.

of the truth and importance of religion. He joined a society of Anabaptists at Bedford, and at length undertook the office of a public teacher among them. Acting in defiance of the severe laws against dissenters, Bunyan was detained in prison for twelve years (1660–72), but was at last liberated, and became pastor previously been connected. of the community with which he had During his imprisonment he wrote Profitable Meditations, The Holy City, etc., and also the curious piece of autobiography entitled Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. In 1675 he was sent to prison for six months under the Conventicle Act. To this confinement he Owes his chief literary fame, for in the solitude of his cell he produced the first part of that admired religious allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress. His Holy War, his other religious parables, and his devotional tracts, which are numerous, are also remarkable, and many of them valuable. On obtaining his liberty Bunyan resumed his functions as a minister at Bedford, and became extremely popular. He died when on a visit to London. Bunzlau (bunts'lou), a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 28 miles W. of Liegnitz. Industries: Bunt'ing, timber of insessorial birds, Jung-Bunzlau is a town of Bohemia, the popular name of a woolen and linen, pottery. Pop. 14,590. family Emberizidæ, chiefly included in 31 miles N. E. of Prague, with 16,340 inthe genus Emberiza; such as the Eng- habitants. There is a smaller Bohemian lish or common bunting; the rice-bunt- town called Alt-Bunzlau. ing; the Lapland, snow, blackheaded, Buonaparte. yellow, cirl, and ortolan buntings. The yellow bunting or yellow hammer (E.

Bunter Sandstein (bun'ter zånt'shtin; variegated sandstone'), a German name for the new red sandstone, the lowest group of the Triassic system.

See Bonaparte.

citrinella) is one of the most common Buonarroti (by-o-når-rot'ē), MICHAEL

ANGELO, of the ancient British birds. The common or corn family of the counts of Canossa, born at bunting (E. miliaria) is also common in Caprese, Tuscany, in 1475; died at Rome cultivated districts. The snow-bunting in 1563; a distinguished Italian painter, (Plectrophanes nivalis) is one of the sculptor, architect, and poet. He studied few birds which cheer the solitudes of drawing under Domenico Ghirlandaio, the polar regions. and sculpture under Bertoldo at FlorBunt'ing, which the colors and sig- Lorenzo de' Medici, was for several years thin woolen stuff, of ence, and having attracted the notice of

nals of a ship are usually formed; hence, a vessel's flags collectively.

an inmate of his household. Having distinguished himself both in sculpture and

Buonarroti

Burbank

painting, he was commissioned (together Buoy (boi), any floating body employed

with Leonardo da Vinci) to decorate the

to point out the particular sitsenate-hall at Florence with a historical uation of a ship's anchor, a shoal, the design, but before it was finished, in direction of a navigable channel, etc. 1505, he was induced by Pope Julius II They are made of wood, or now more to settle in Rome. Here he sculptured commonly of wrought-iron plates riveted the monument of the pontiff (there are together and forming hollow chambers. seven statues belonging to it) now in the They are generally moored by chains to church of St. Pietro in Vincoli; and the bed of the channel, etc. They are of painted the dome of the Sistine Chapel, various shapes, and receive corresponding his frescoes representing the creation and names: thus there are the can-buoy, the spar-buoy, the bell-buoy, the whistlingbuoy, etc. Gas-lighted buoys have come into use with the introduction of calcium carbide for lighting purposes. The acetylene gas produced in these buoys is controlled by an automatic generator, so that all the carbide of a given charge is consumed.

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Michael Angelo Buonarroti the principal events of sacred history. In 1530 he took a leading part in the defense of Florence against Charles V. Three years later he began his great picture in the Sistine Chapel, the Last Judgment, which occupied him eight years. His last considerable works in painting were two large pictures: the Conversion of St. Paul and the Crucifixion of St. Peter in the Pauline Chapel. In sculpture he executed the Descent of Christ from the Cross, four figures of one

piece of marble. His statue of Bacchus

was thought by Raphael to possess equal perfection with the masterpieces of Phidias and Praxiteles. As late as 1546 he was obliged to undertake the continuation of the building of St. Peter's, and planned and built the dome, but he did not live long enough to see his plan finished, and many alterations were made in it after his death. Besides this, he undertook the building of the Piazza del Campidoglio (Capitol), of the Farnese Palace, and of many other edifices. His style in architecture is distinguished by grandeur and boldness, and in his ornaments the untamed character of his imagination frequently appears, he preferring the uncommon to the simple and elegant. His poems, which he considered merely as pastimes, contain, likewise, convincing proofs of his great genius. His prose works consist of lectures, speeches, etc.

Buphaga (bu'fa-ga), a genus of inses

sorial African birds, family Sturnidæ (starlings). See Beef-eaters.

Buprestidæ (bū-pres'ti-dē), a fami

ly of beetles, distinguished by the uncommon brilliancy and highly metallic splendor of their colors.

Burbage (bur'baj), RICHARD, a fa

mous actor and contemporary of Shakespere, was the son of James Burbage (died 1597), also an actor, and the first builder of a theater in England. He was born about 1567; died in 1619. He was a member of the same company as Shakespere, Fletcher, Hemming, Condell, and others, and filled all the greatest parts of the contemporary stage in turn. He was the original Hamlet, Lear, Othello, and Richard III, and played the leading parts in the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, Ben Jonson, Webster, Marston, etc. Besides being an eminent actor, he seems to have been also a successful painter in oil colors.

Burbank, LUTHER, horticulturist, was born at Lancaster, Massachusetts, in 1849. The son of a farmer, he became deeply interested in plant life, and engaged in experiments on hybridization of plants. Removing to California, he established the Burbank Exposition Farms at Santa Rosa, where he undertook the work of cross-breeding on an extended scale. He originated a new fruit, the plumcot, by combining the plum and the apricot, produced an edible thornless cactus, developed the Burbank potato and Burbank cherry, varieties of great excellence; a white blackberry, various new apples, stoneless prunes, also new peaches, nuts, roses, callas, violet-odored lilies, and many other new varieties. In 1905 the Carnegie Institution granted him $10,000 yearly for ten years to continue his work. He has very many extensive experiments under

[graphic][subsumed][merged small]

These remarkable plants have been developed by the great horticulturist, Luther Burbank, of California. The white blackberry grows thickly, is large in size, and the taste is similar to that of the ordinary variety. The spineless cactus makes an excellent cattle food.

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