Bernard Bernburg travelers are on their way up the moun- the court of Raymond V, Comte de Toutain. The construction of railways has louse. His songs, which were praised by greatly diminished the importance of the Petrarch, are yet highly esteemed. pass. The dogs kept at St. Bernard, to Bernardine Monks (ber'nar-din), a assist the brethren in their humane labors, name given in are well known. The true St. Bernard France to the Cistercians, after St. Berdog was a variety by itself, but this is nard. See Cistercians. now extinct, though there are still de- Bernardo Del Carpio (ber-nar'do), scendants of the last St. Bernard crossed a half legenwith other breeds, to conform as much as dary Spanish hero of the ninth century, possible to the original breed. The color son of Ximena, sister of Alphonso the of these great dogs is reddish or orange, Chaste, by Don Sancho of Saldaña. Almarked with white on muzzle, neck, chest, phonso put out the eyes of Don Sancho feet, and tip of tail; head large and and imprisoned him, but spared Bernardo, broad, muzzle short, lips somewhat pendu- who distinguished himself in the Moorish lous, hanging ears. A pagan temple for wars, and finally succeeded in obtaining merly stood on the pass, and classic re- from Alphonso the Great the promise that mains are found in the vicinity. The hos- his father should be given up to him. pice was founded in 962 by St. Bernard At the appointed time his father's corpse of Menthon, an Italian ecclesiastic, for was sent to him and Bernardo in disgust the benefit of pilgrims to Rome. In May, quitted Spain for France, where he spent 1800, Napoleon led an army, with its ar- the remainder of his life as a knight tillery and cavalry, into Italy by this pass. errant. Bernard, LITTLE ST., a mountain of Bernard of Morlaix, a monk of Italy, belonging to the Grathe abbey of ian Alps, about 10 miles s. of Mont Blanc. Cluny under Peter the Venerable (1122– The pass across it, one of the easiest in 56). He wrote a Latin poem on Conthe Alps, is supposed to be that which tempt of the World in about 3000 leonine Hannibal used. Elevation of Hospice, dactylic verses, from which are taken the 7192 feet. popular hymns, Jerusalem the Golden, Bernard, SAINT, of Clairvaux, one of the most influential ecclesi Brief Life is here our Portion, etc. ian alchem astics of the middle ages, born at Fontaines, Burgundy, in 1090, of noble de- ist, born at Padua 1406; died 1490. His scent. In 1113 he became a monk at most important work was Tractatus de Citeaux; in 1115 first abbot of Clairvaux, secretissimo philosophorum opere chemico, the great Cistercian monastery near Lan- 1600. gres. His austerities, tact, courage and Bernauer (ber'nou-er), AGNES, the eloquence speedily gave him a wide repudaughter of an Augsburg tation; and when, on the death of Hono- baker or barber, whom Albert, only son rius II (1130), two popes, Innocent and of the reigning Duke of Bavaria, secretly Anaclete, were elected, the judgment of married. Not knowing that the union Bernard in favor of the former was accepted by nearly all Europe. In 1141 he secured the condemnation of Abelard for heresy; and after the election of his pupil, Eugenius III, to the papal chair, he may be said to have exercised supreme power in the church. After the capture of Edessa by the Turks he was induced to preach a new crusade, which he did (1146) so effectively as to raise a large host, which, however, met with disaster and death. He died Aug. 20, 1153. Over was a lawful one, Duke Ernest urged his son to marry. Albert thereupon confessed that Agnes was his lawful spouse, which so incensed the duke that, during his son's absence, he had Agnes seized and condemned to death on a charge of sorcery. She was drowned in the Danube near Straubing, where her remains were subsequently interred by Albert. Her story forms the subject of works by Törring, Körner, Böttger, Hebbel and Meyr. Bernay (ber-na) a town of France, seventy monasteries owed their foundation dep. of Eure, on the Charenor enlargement to him; and he left many tonne, with some manufactures and a epistles, sermons, and theological and horse-fair, held in the fifth week in Lent, moral treatises. A number of hymns one of the largest in France. Pop. 5973. ascribed to him, survive,, among them Bernburg (bern'burh), a town of being, Jesu dulcis memoria, and Salve Germany, duchy of Ancaput cruentatum. Canonized in 1174. halt, on both sides of the Saale, divided into the old, the new, and the high town; Bernard de Ventadour, a troubof the first two communicating by a bridge the twelfth century. The son of a do- with the latter. It contains an oil-mill, mestic servant, he was detected in an breweries, distilleries; and manufactures amour with the wife of his master, the paper, earthenware, copper and tin wares, Comte de Ventadour, and took refuge at etc. Pop. 34,929. Berne Berners, an English writer of the Bernier type, and his books have figured prominently in discussions of German militar Berne. See Bern. JOHN BOURCHIER, LORD, an Berners, English statesman and writer, ism. Germany and the Next War in born about 1469. He became chancellor which he expounded many of the theories of the exchequer in 1515, and was for put into practice in the European War, many years governor of Calais; died in has had a wide circulation in America. 1532. He translated Froissart's Chron- Bernhardt (bern'härt), SABAH, (ROicles, 1523-25, and other works, his transSINE BERNARD), a dislation of the former being a sort of Eng- tinguished French actress, born at Paris lish classic. in 1845; of Jewish descent, and of mixed or BARNES, JULIANA, LADY, French and Dutch parentage. In 1858 she entered the Paris Conservatoire and fifteenth century, of whom little more is gained prizes for tragedy and comedy in known than that she was prioress of the 1861 and 1862; but her début at the Théanunnery of Sopwell, near St. Alban's. tre Française in Iphigénie was not a sucThe book attributed to her is entitled in cess. After a brief retirement she reapthe edition of Wynkyn de Worde (1496), peared at the Gymnase and the Porte Treatyse perteynynge to Hawkynge, Saint-Martin in burlesque, and in 1867 Huntynge and Fysshynge with an angle; at the Odéon in higher drama. Her sucalso a right noble Treatyse on the Lygn- cess in Hugo's Ruy Blas led to her being age of Cot Armours, etc. The treatises recalled to the Théâtre Français, after on fishing and on coat-armour did not which she abundantly proved her dramatic appear in the first St. Alban's edition of genius. In 1882 she married M. Damala, 1481. It was for a long time the popular a Greek. Her tours both in Europe and sporting manual. America never failed to be successful, Bernese Alps, Alps which forms the She has exhibited as a sculptor at the the portion of the despite a marked degree of eccentricity. northern side of the Rhone Valley, and Salon, and has written her autobiography. extends from the Lake of Geneva to that Berni (bėr'ne), FRANCESCO, an Italian of Brienz, comprising the Finsteraarhorn, burlesque poet of the sixteenth Schreckhorn, Jungfrau, Monk, etc. century, born about 1498 in Tuscany. He Bernhard (bern'härt), Duke of Saxe- took orders, and about 1530 became a Weimar, general in the canon of the Florence Cathedral, where Thirty Years' war, born in 1604, the he lived till his death in 1536. A vague fourth son of Duke John of Saxe-Weimar, story asserts that Berni, who was intientered the service of Holland, and after- mate with both Alessandro de' Medici and wards the Danish army employed in Hol- Ippolito de' Medici, was requested by each stein. He then joined Gustavus Adolphus, to poison the other, and that on his reand in the battle of Lützen, 1632, com- fusal he was poisoned himself by Alessanmanded the victorious left wing of the dro. He takes the first place among the Swedish army. In 1633 he took Bamberg Italian comic poets. He wrote good and other places, was made Duke of Fran- Latin verses, and his rifacimento of conia, and after the alliance of France Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato is an adwith Sweden raised an army on the Rhine mirable work of its class.-Another Berni to act against Austria. After many bril- (COUNT FRANCESCO BERNI, who was liant exploits he captured Breisach and born in 1610 and died in 1673) wrote other places of inferior importance, but eleven dramas and a number of lyrics. showed no disposition to hand them over thumbria. to the French, who began to find their ally Bernicia (ber-ni'shi-a), an ancient undesirably formidable. He rejected a Anglican kingdom stretchproposal that he should marry Richelieu's ing from the Firth of Forth to the Tees, niece, the Duchess d'Aiguillon, seeking Strathclyde. It was united with Deira, and extending inland to the borders of instead the hand of the Princess of and became part of the Kingdom of NorRohan. This the French court refused lest the party of the Huguenots should become too powerful. He died somewhat Bernicle Goose. See Barnacle suddenly in 1639 at Neuberg, the common opinion being that he was poisoned by Bernier (bern-ya), FRANCOIS, a French physician and travBernhardi (bern-här'di), GENERAL eler, born at Angers about 1625; set out FRIEDRICH A. J. voN, a on his travels in 1654, and visited Egypt, German soldier and military expert, born Palestine, and India, where he remained in 1849; served in the cavalry. He is for twelve years as physician to the commonly believed to represent the Ger- Great Mogul emperor Aurungzebe. After man militarist of the most influential his return to France he published his Richelieu. Goose. Bernina Bernstorff Travels, an abridgement of the Philos- catenary curve, the logarithmic spirals, ophy of Gassendi, a Treatise on Freedom the evolutes of several curved lines, and and Will, and other works. He died at discovered the so-called numbers of BerParis in 1688. nouilli.-2. JOHN, born at Basel in 1667, Bernina (ber-ne'ná), a mountain in wrote with his brother James a treatise the Rhætian Alps, 13,000 on the differential calculus; developed feet high, with the large Morteratsch the integral calculus, and discovered, inGlacier. The Bernina Pass on the west dependently of Leibnitz, the exponential of the mountain is 7695 feet in height. calculus. After the death of his brother Bernini (ber-ne'ne), GIOVANNI Lo- in 1705 he received the professorship of RENZO, an Italian painter, mathematics at Basel, which he held until sculptor, and architect, born in 1598. His his death in 1748.-3. NICHOLAS, nephew marble group, Apollo and Daphne, secured of the former, born at Basel in 1687; in him fame at the age of eighteen and he 1705 went to Groningen to John Berwas employed by Urban VIII to pre- nouilli, and returning with him to Basel, pare plans for the embellishment of John becoming professor of mathematics. the Basilica of St. Peter's, His architec- On the recommendation of Leibnitz he tural designs, including the great colon- went as professor of mathematics to nade of St. Peter's, perhaps brought him Padua in 1716, but returned to Basel in his greatest celebrity. In 1663 he ac- 1722 as professor of logic, and in 1731 becepted the invitation of Louis XIV to came professor of Roman and feudal law. visit Paris, traveling thither in princely He died in 1759. The three following state and with a numerous retinue. were sons of the above-mentioned John Bernis (ber-ne), FRANÇOIS JOACHIM Bernouilli.-4. NICHOLAS, born at Basel DE PIERRE DE, cardinal and 1695, became professor of law at Bern in minister of Louis XV, born in 1715; died 1723, and died in St. Petersburg in 1726. in 1794. Madame de Pompadour pre- 5. DANIEL, born at Groningen 1700; sented him to Louis XV, who assigned studied medicine. At the age of twentyhim an apartment in the Tuileries, with a five he went to St. Petersburg, returning pension of 1500 livres. After winning in 1733 to Basel, where he became procredit in an embassy to Venice he rose rapidly to the position of minister of foreign affairs, and is possibly to be credited with the formation of the alliance between France and Austria which terminated the Seven Years' War. The misfortunes of France being ascribed to him, he was soon afterwards banished from court, but was made Archbishop of Alby in 1764, and in 1769 ambassador to Rome, where he remained till his death. When the aunts of Louis XVI left France in 1791 they fled to him for refuge, and lived in his house. The revolution reduced him to a state of poverty, from which he was relieved by a pension from the Spanish court. His verse procured him a place in the French Academy. The correspondence of Bernis with Voltaire contains matter of interest. fessor of natural philosophy. He retired in 1777, and died in 1782.-6. JOHN, born at Basel in 1710, went to St. Petersburg in 1732, became professor of rhetoric at Basel in 1743, and in 1748 professor of mathematics. He died in 1790. The two following were his sons:-7. JOHN, licentiate of law and royal astronomer in Berlin, born at Basel in 1744; died 1807.-8. JAMES, born at Basel in 1759; went to St. Petersburg, where he became professor of mathematics; died in 1789. Bernstein (bern'stin),, EDUARD, German writer and SocialDemocratic leader, born in Berlin in 1850; turned his attention to political writing in 1878; served in the Imperial Reichstag, 1902-06. His books have given rise to keen discussion in the German Socialist party. Bernissartia (ber-ni-sär'ti-a), a genus Bernstein, FRAU (ELSA PORGES), a of extinct Wealden German writer of plays, crocodiles, the type of the family Bernis- born at Vienna in 1866. Her Königssartida, whose remains have been found kinder was used by Humperdinck as the in a quarry in Bernissart, Belgium. basis of one of his operas. She also wrote Bernouilli, ye), a family which proor BERNOULLI (ber-nö- Dämmerung, Mutter Maria, Achilles (1910), etc. duced eight distinguished men of science. Bernstorff, the family, its the name of a German The family fled from Antwerp during the Alva administration, going first to Frankfort, and afterwards to Basel.-1. JAMES, born at Basel in 1654, became professor of mathematics there 1687, and died 1705. He applied the differential calculus to difficult questions of geometry and mechanics; calculated the loxodromic and most distinguished member being JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, Count_von Bernstorff, Danish statesman under Frederick V and Christian VII, born in Hanover in 1712. He was the most influential member of the government, which distinguished itself under his direction by a wise neutrality Beroe Berserker during the Seven Years' war, etc., by served with Nelson in 1796 and was flag measures for improving the condition of captain to Nelson at the battle of the the Danish peasantry; by promoting Nile. He commanded the Agamemnon in science, and sending to Asia the expedi- the battles of Trafalgar and San Domingo. tion which Niebuhr accompanied. By his In 1821 he attained the rank of rearefforts Denmark acquired Holstein. He admiral. died in 1772. Berry, in 1763; died in 1852. She is Beroe (ber'o-e), a genus of small marine, cœlenterate animals, or- known chiefly for her association with der Ctenophora, transparent and gelati- Horace Walpole, whose works she edited nous, globular in form, floating in the sea, (1798). Among other works she puband shining at night with phosphoric lished England and France: a Comparalight. tive View of the Social Condition of Both Berosus (be-ro'sus), a priest of the Countries. temple of Belus at Babylon Berry which the seeds are immersed in (ber'i), a succulent fruit, in early in the third century B.C., who wrote in Greek a history of the Babylonian a pulpy mass enclosed by a thin skin. Chaldeans, founded on the ancient ar- The name is usually given to fruits in chives of the temple of Belus. It is known which the calyx is adherent to the ovary only by the quotations from it in Euse- and the placentas are parietal, the seeds bius, Josephus, etc. finally separating from the placenta and Berquin (ber-kan), ARNAUD, a French lying loose in the pulp. The term, how writer, born in 1749. He first ever, is frequently used to include fruits attracted notice by his Idylles, and by in which the ovary is free and the placenseveral translations entitled Tableaux tas central, as the grape. Popularly it is Anglais; but was best known by his Ami applied to fruits like the strawberry, des Enfants, a series of narratives for bearing external seeds on a pulpy recepchildren, for which, though plagiarized tacle, but not strictly berries. from Weiss's Kinderfreund, he received the prize of the French Academy in 1789. Berryer (ber-ya), ANTOINE PIERRE, a French advocate and statesHe was for some time the editor of the man, born in Paris 1790. He assisted Moniteur. He died in 1791. his father in defense of Ney, secured the Berri, or BERRY (ber'ri, Fr. pron. acquittal of General Cambronne, and deba-re'), formerly a province and fended Lamennais from a charge of dukedom, with Bourges as capital, almost atheism. His eloquence was compared in the center of France. It is now mainly with that of Mirabeau, and after the comprised in the departments Indre and dethronement of Charles X (1830) he Cher. remained in the Chamber as the sole or Berri, BERRY (bā-rē), CHARLES Legitimist orator. In 1840 he was one of FERDINAND, DUKE OF, second the counsel for the defense of Louis son of the Count d'Artois (afterwards Napoleon, after the Boulogne fiasco. In Charles X), born at Versailles in 1778. 1843 he did homage to the Comte de In 1792 he fled with his father to Turin Chambord in London, adhering to him and served under him and Condé on the through the revolution of 1848, and voting Rhine. In 1801 he came to Britain, for the deposition of the prince-president where he lived alternately in London the morning after the coup d'état. He and Scotland, occupied with plans for the gained additional reputation in 1858 by restoration of the Bourbons. In 1814 his defense of Montalembert. In 1863 he landed at Cherbourg, and passed on to he was re-elected to the chamber with Paris, gaining many adherents to the Thiers, and in 1864 received a flattering royal cause; but they melted away when reception in England. He died in 1868. Napoleon landed from Elba, and the count was compelled to retire with the Bersaglieri (ber-sål-ya're), a corps of Italian sharpshooters_or household troops to Ghent and Alost. ganized early in the reign of Victor EmAfter the battle of Waterloo he returned manuel. Many of them are now mounted to Paris, and in 1816 married. He was on bicycles, and form an important auxassassinated by Louvel, a political fa- iliary to the light moving troops of the natic, on Feb. 14, 1820. The duke had army. by his wife, Carolina Ferdinanda Louisa, Berserker (ber-ser'kir), a Scandinaeldest daughter of Francis, afterwards vian name for warriors King of the Two Sicilies, a daughter, who fought in a sort of frenzy or reckless Louise Marie Thérèse, afterwards Duch- fury, dashing themselves on the enemy ess of Parma, and a posthumous son in the most regardless manner. The first subsequently known as Comte de Cham- Berserker was said to have been Ber bord. serk, the grandson of the eight-handed He SIR EDWARD, a British admiral, Starkader and the fair Alfhilde. Berry, born 1766; died 1831. He wore no mail in battle, and had twelve Bert Bertrand sons, also called Berserker. The name Bonaparte to Egypt, and returned with is probably derived from the bear-sark him in 1799. Notwithstanding the varior bear-skin shirt worn by early war- ous honors conferred on him by Naporiors. leon he voted in 1814 for his dethrone Bert, Far, France, in 1833; died in XVIII. His chief chemical discoveries PAUL, physiologist, born at Au- ment, and was made a peer by Louis 1886. He studied law and medicine, was were connected with the analysis of amClaude Bernard's ablest pupil. He was monia, the use of chlorine in bleaching, professor of natural sciences at Bordeaux the artificial production of niter, etc. in 1866, assistant professor of physiology His most important works were his Essai at Paris, 1869. He was an enthusiastic de Statique Chimique (1803), and the teacher, and served as minister of public Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique instruction 1881-82, vigorously opposing (1787). He died at Paris in 1822. name the religious element in education. He Bertholletia (ber-to-la'sha), was the author of a number of scientific given in honor of Berworks, among them La Pression baro- thollet to a genus of plants of the family metrique. Lecythidacea, consisting of two species, Berthelot (bert-lo), MARCELLIN B. excelsa and B. nobilis. They form Bertillon System (ber-til-lon), a a PIERRE EUGÈNE, a noted vast forests on the banks of the Amazon, chemist, born in Paris in 1827; died in Rio Negro, and Orinoco, the trees averag1907. Made professor of organic chem- ing 100 feet in height. The B. excelsa istry in the College of France in 1864, produces the well-known Brazil-nuts of he won distinction by the synthesis of commerce, which are contained in a round various organic compounds. He was and strong seed-vessel, to the number of elected perpetual secretary of the Acad- from fifteen to fifty or more, and contain emy of Science in 1889, held several a great deal of oil. cabinet positions in the French govern- Berthon, EDWARD LYON, English ment, and was elected to the French clergyman and inventor, Academy in 1900. born 1813; died 1899. He experimented Berthier (bert-ya), ALEXANDRE, prince with the screw-propeller, invented of Neufchâtel and Wagram, marine speed indicator, known as 'Bermarshal, vice-constable of France, etc.; thon's log,' but is chiefly noted as the born 1753; son of a distinguished officer. inventor of 'Berthon's folding boat,' While yet young he served in America which was adopted by the British admiwith Lafayette, and after some years' ralty in 1874, and is now in almost uniservice in France he joined the army of versal use. Italy in 1795 as general of division and chief of the general staff, receiving in method devised 1798 the chief command. In this capac- for the identification of criminals by Dr. ity he entered Rome. He followed Bona- Alphonse Bertillon, of Paris, in 1885. parte to Egypt as chief of the general Formerly photographs and descriptions staff; was appointed by him minister of were depended upon, but he inaugurated a war after the 18th Brumaire; accom- system of exact measurements of various panied him to Italy in 1800, and again in parts of the body, head and limbs, which 1805, to be present at his coronation; cannot well be duplicated in any two inand was appointed chief of the general dividuals. The print of the thumb, with staff of the grand army in Germany. In its series of regular skin lines, is one all Napoleon's expeditions he was one of of these means of identification, the his closest companions, on several occa- prints differing for each individual. sions rendering valuable services, as at Wagram in 1809, which brought him the title of Prince of Wagram. After Napoleon's abdication he was taken into the favor and confidence of Louis XVIII, and on Napoleon's return the difficulty of his position unhinged his mind, and he put an end to his life by throwing himself from a window. He left a son, Alexander (born in 1810), one of the most zealous adherents of Napoleon III. Berthollet (ber-to-la), CLAUDE LOUIS, Bertold von Regensburg, the greatest German preacher of the middle ages, was born about 1220, at Regensburg, and entered the Franciscan monastery there. By the time he was thirty his fame as a preacher had spread over all the German-speaking parts of Europe. In his sermons he did much to hasten the decline of Middle High German poetry by his condemnation of the elegant world of chivalry. Died 1272. COUNT, an eminent French Bertrand, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE, chemist, born in 1748; studied medicine; French general and combecame connected with Lavoisier; was panion of Napoleon at St. Helena, was admitted in 1780 member of the Academy born at Châteauroux, France, in 1773; of Sciences at Paris; in 1794 professor died there in 1844. He served with disin the normal school there. He followed tinction in Napoleon's Austrian campaign, |