Bergman (berman), TORBERN OLOF; Berkeley a Swedish physicist and crystalline forms. His theory of chemical affinities greatly influenced the subsequent development of chemistry. Berkeley See Behring. meda Co., California, 7 Bergmehl (berg'mal), mountain- 1685 (his father being an officer of cus sor (berg'son), HENRI LOUIS, Bergson a French philosopher, born in Paris in 1859, and since 1900 profesof philosophy in the Collège de France. His writings, of which Creative Evolution is the most popular, are marked by great lucidity and richness of style. Bergson holds that the fulness of reality cannot be grasped by the intellect because the universe is continually changing, whereas concepts are fixed. chemist, born in 1735; died in 1784. He miles N. E. of San Francisco, and near studied under Linnæus at Upsala; in the bay. Here is the University of Cali1758 became doctor of philosophy and fornia and the Agricultural College; also professor of physics there; and in 1767 the State institution for the deaf, dumb, became professor of chemistry. He suc- and blind. With the university, a flourceeded in the preparation of artificial ishing institution, is connected the Lick mineral waters, discovered the sulphur- Observatory at Hamilton. It has large etted hydrogen gas of mineral springs, and soap works and various other manupublished a classification of minerals on factures. Pop. 40,434. the basis of their chemical character and Berkeley (berk'li). GEORGE, a famous metaphysical philosopher, for his of celebrated ideal theory philosophy. He was born in Ireland in meal or fossil farina, a toms); became fellow of Trinity College, geological deposit (fresh-water) in the Dublin, in 1707; in 1721 was appointed form of an extremely fine powder, con- chaplain to the Lord-lieutenant of Iresisting almost entirely of the siliceous land, the Duke of Grafton. By a legacy frustules or cell-walls of diatoms. It is from Miss Vanhomrigh (Swift's Vana variety of diatomite (which see). essa) in 1723 his fortune was considerably increased. In 1724 he became Dean of Derry. He now published his Proposals for the Conversion of the American Savages to Christianity by the Establishment of a College in the Bermuda Islands; and subscriptions having been raised, he set sail for Rhode Island in 1728, proposing to wait there till a promised grant of £20,000 had been got from government. The scheme never got a start, however, and he returned, now receiving the bishopric of Cloyne. He died suddenly at Oxford in 1753. Berkeley holds an important place in the history of philosophy. He maintains that the belief in the existence of an exterior material world is false and inconsistent with itself; and those things which are called sensible the material objects are not external but exist in the mind, and are merely impressions made on our minds by the immediate act of God, according to certain rules termed laws of nature, from which he never deviates; and that the steady adherence of the Supreme Spirit to these rules is what constitutes the reality of things to his creatures, and so effectually distinguishes the ideas perceived by sense from such as are the work of the mind itself or of dreams, that there is no more danger of confounding them together on this hypothesis than on that of the exist ence of matter. Berkeley was admirable as a writer; as a man he was said by his friend Pope to be possessed of 'every virtue under heaven.' His most celebrated philosophical works are: Essay towards a New Theory of Vision, 1709; a Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710, in which his philosophical theory is fully set forth; Three Dia Bergylt (ber'gilt: Sebastes marinus), a name given in Shetland to the rose-fish, a fish of the family Scorpænidae, of a beautiful reddish color, sometimes found on the British coasts, and called Norway haddock and Norway carp. Berhampur (bè r-a m-pu r'), name of two Indian towns: 1. A town and military station in the northeast portion of Madras presidency, the headquarters of Ganjám district, with a trade in sugar and manufactures of silks. Pop. about 25,000.-2. A municipal town and the administrative headquarters of Murshidábád district, Bengal; formerly a military station, and having still large barracks. It was the scene of the first overt act of mutiny in 1857. Pop. about 25,000. Beriberi (ber'-i-ber-i), a disease endemic in parts of India, Ceylon, Japan, etc., characterized by paralysis, numbness, difficult breathing, and often other symptoms, attacking strangers as well as natives, and frequently fatal; thought to be due to eating of rice entirely rather than a mixed diet. It is now less frequent in Japan since rice is not the only food of the people. Berkeley logues between Hylas and Philonous, 1713; Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, 1732; and Siris, Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues Tar-water, 1744. There were others of a mathematical and theological order, the only complete edition being that of Fraser, 3 vols. 1871. Berkeley, GEORGE CHARLES GRANTLEY FITZHARDINGE, a British author, sixth son of the fifth Earl of Berkeley, but second son after the legally recognized marriage; born in 1800. From 1832-52 he was Liberal member for West Gloucestershire. He became notorious in 1836 for his assault upon Fraser, the publisher, and his duel with Maginn for a hostile review in Fraser's Magazine of his first novel, Berkeley Castle. Besides other stories, poems, and works upon travel, sport, etc., he published in 186566 his Life and Recollections in 4 vols., and in 1867 a volume of reminiscences entitled Anecdotes of the Upper Ten Thousand-both of which gave rise to much discussion. He died in 1881. Berlin Nuremberg, he at last headed the insurgents in the Peasants' War of 1525, and suffered imprisonment on their defeat. After the dissolution of the Suabian league he again fought against the Turks (1541) and the French (1544). He died in 1562. His autobiography, printed at Nuremberg in 1731, furnished Goethe with the subject for his drama, Goetz von Berlichingen. Berlin (ber-lin'), capital of the Prussian dominions and of the German Empire and much the largest city in Germany, formerly in the province of Brandenburg, lies on a sandy plain on both sides of the Spree, a sluggish stream, here about 200 feet abroad. It has water communication to the North Sea by the Spree, which flows into the Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, and to the Baltic by canals connecting with the Oder. The original portion of the city lies on the right bank of the river, and is irregularly built. The more modern portion is regular in its plan, and the streets are lined with lofty and well-built edifices mostly Berkshire (berk'shir), or BERKS, a of handsome architectural design and county of England, be- constructed of solid materials. Of the tween Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, numerous bridges, the finest is the Castle Surrey, Hampshire, and Wilts; area (Schloss) Bridge, 104 feet wide, and 705 sq. miles, of which eight-ninths are having eight piers surmounted by colossal cultivated or under timber. A range of groups of sculpture in marble. The princhalk hills, entering from Oxfordshire, cipal and most frequented street, Unter crosses Berkshire in a westerly direction. den Linden (under the lime-trees'), is The western and central parts are the about a mile in length and 160 feet wide, most productive in the county, which the center being occupied by a double contains rich pasturage and excellent avenue of lime-trees. At the E. end of dairy farms, and is especially suited for this street, and round the Lustgarten, a barley and wheat crops. The Thames square with which it is connected by the skirts the county on the north, and con- Schloss Bridge, are clustered the principal nects the towns of Abingdon, Walling public buildings of the city, such as the ford, Reading, Henley, Maidenhead, and royal palace, the palace of the crownWindsor with the metropolis. Few prince, the arsenal, the university, the manufactures are carried on, the prin- museums, royal academy, etc.; while at cipal being agricultural implements and the w. end is the Brandenburg Gate, reartificial manures, flour, paper, sacking garded as one of the finest portals in and sail-cloth, and biscuits (at Reading). existence. Immediately beyond this gate Malt is made in great quantities. The is the Thiergarten (zoological garden), minerals are unimportant. Pop. 195,814. an extensive and well-wooded park conBerlad (ber'lad), a town of taining the palace of Bellevue and places Rumania, on the Berlad, a of public amusement. There are also navigable tributary of the Sereth. Has a several other public parks, and a zoologilarge trade in maize. Pop. 24,484. cal garden which ranks with the best in Berlengas (ber-len'gas), a group of about twelve rocky islands, off the coast of Portugal. Berlichingen (berli-hing-ên). Götz The the world, also important natural history, ethnographical and other museums. principal public buildings are the royal palace or Schloss, a vast rectangular pile, or GODFREY VON, of the museum (opposite the Schloss), a the Iron Hand'; born at Jagsthausen, in fine Grecian building, with an extensive Suabia, in 1480. He took part in various collection of sculpture and painting; the quarrels among the German princes; and royal theater is also a fine Grecian edihaving lost his right hand at the siege of fice. The royal library and palace of the Landshut, wore thereafter one made of emperor are united; the former contains iron. In constant feud with his baronial above 1,000,000 volumes and 30,000 neighbors, and even with free cities like manuscripts and charts. The arsenal Berlin Berlin (Zeughaus), besides arms and artillery, reliefs, etc., are cast, together with a contains flags and other trophies of great antiquity. The university, the exchange, the Italian opera-house, the principal Jewish synagogue, the town-hall, and the old architectural academy are all beautiful structures. The town contains altogether about twenty-five theaters, thirty hospitals, sixteen barracks, ten or twelve cemeteries, etc. The prevailing style of the newer buildings, both public and pri great variety of ornaments of unrivaled delicacy of workmanship. The older parts of the city were originally poor villages, and first rose to some importance under Markgraf Albert (1106-1170), yet about two centuries ago Berlin was still a place of little consequence, the first important improvement being made by the great Elector Frederick William, who planted the Unter den Linden, and in Berlin-Royal Theater and New Church in the Gensdarmenmarkt. vate, is Grecian, pure or Italianized. One of the most remarkable of modern monuments is that erected in 1851 to Frederick the Great in the Unter den Linden -the chef-d'œuvre of Rauch and his pupils. The literary institutions of the city are numerous and excellent; they include the university, having an educa tional staff of about 500 professors and teachers, and attended by nearly 8000 students and 7000 hearers'; the acad emy of sciences; the academy of fine arts; and the technical high school or academy of architecture and industry (occupying a large new building in the suburb of Charlottenburg). The manufactures are various and extensive, including steam-engines and other machinery, brass-founding and various articles of metal, sewing-machines, paper, cigars, nottery and porcelain, pianos and harmo whose time it already numbered 20,000 inhabitants. Under his successors Frederick I and Frederick the Great the city was rapidly enlarged and improved, the population increasing fivefold in the hundred years preceding the death of Frederick the Great and tenfold in the century succeeding it. The population within recent years has rapidly increased, and was estimated in 1910 at 2,064,153. Berlin, fronty of San Stefano, con CONGRESS OF. The preliminary cluded between Russia and Turkey after the war of 1877-78. was so greatly in favor of Russia that the remaining great Powers objected to its terms, and a congress was convened at Berlin in June, 1878, to consider and modify these terms. The Powers represented were Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia and Turkey. TREATY OF. The Congress of uiums, artificial flowers, etc. In the Berlin, Berlin ended in a treaty, signed royal iron-foundry busts, statues, bas Berlin Bern July 13, 1878, in which the severe terms side slope of a rampart and the scarp of exacted by Russia were modified, but the the ditch. (ber'mond-si), a parl. power of Turkey in Europe much reduced. Bermondsey division of London, on Rumania, Servia and Montenegro, were made independent states, Bulgaria was the Surrey side of the Thames, between made an autonomous but tributary prov- Southwark and Rotherhithe. Has large ince, Eastern Rumelia was granted ad- tan-yards and wharfs. Pop. 125,960. ministrative autonomy, and Bosnia and Bermuda Grass (ber-mu'da), CapriHerzegovina were placed under Austrian ola dactylon, a administration. Greece gained an acces- grass cultivated in the West Indies, sion of territory and Bessarabia was re- United States, etc., a valuable pasture stored to Russia. grass in warm climates owing to its reBerlin, two occupants. four-wheeled carriage for sistance to the effects of droughts. Bermudas, or SOMERS ISLANDS, a cluster of small islands Berlin, a city of Wisconsin, in Green Lake and Waushara counties. in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Britain, and numbering over 300, of which only a few are inhabited. They occupy miles the total area being 192 sq. miles. They N. W. of Portland; incorporated in 1890. were first discovered by Juan Bermudez, a It has pulp and paper mills and abundant Spaniard, in 1522; in 1609 Sir George water-power. Pop. 11,780. Somers, an Englishman, was wrecked Pop. 5000. Berlin, a thriving city in Coos Co., a space of about 20 miles long and 6 wide, New Hampshire, 98 Berlin, a town of Canada, prov. here, and, after his shipwreck, formed Ontario, about 60 miles w. s. the first settlement. The most considerW. of Toronto, with some manufactures. able are St. George, Bermuda or Long Pop. (1911) 15,600. beets, etc. Berlioz (ber-li-os), HECTOR, a French Island (with the chief town Hamilton, the Berlin Blue. See Blue. seat of the governor), Somerset, St. David's and Ireland. They form an imporBerlin Spirit, a coarse spirit dis- tant British naval and military station. "tilled from potatoes, An immense iron floating-dock, capable of receiving a vessel of large tonnage, was towed from London to the Bermudas in 1868. The climate is generally healthy composer, born in 1803. He forsook medicine to study music at the times visited by yellow fever. Numbers and delightful, but they have been someParis Conservatoire, where he gained the of persons from the United States and first prize in 1830 with his cantata Sar- Canada now pass the colder months of the danapale. For about two years he studied in Italy, and when on his return are cultivated. The soil, though light, is year in these islands. About 4000 acres he began to produce his larger works, in general rich and fertile; there is, howhe found himself compelled to take up ever, little fresh water except rain-water, the pen both in defense of his principles preserved in cisterns. The inhabitants and for his own better maintenance. As cultivate and export potatoes, arrow-root, critic of the Journal des Debats and onions, bananas, tomatoes, etc. Oranges feuilletonist he displayed scarcely less and other fruits are also cultivated. The originality than in his music, his chief military usually stationed here number literary works being the Traité d'Instru- about 1500 men. Bermuda exports great mentation, 1844; Voyage Musical, 1845; quantities of lilies to the United States. Les Soirées d'Orchestre, 1853; and A Pop. in 1911 18,994, of whom 6691 were travers Chant, 1862. His musical works whites. a town in Switzerland, capital belong to the Romantic school, and Bern, of the canton Bern, and, since are specially noteworthy for the resource they display in orchestra coloring. The 1848, of the whole Swiss Confederation, more important are Harold en Italie; stands on the declivity of a hill washed on Episode de la Vie d'un Artiste, and Le three sides by the Aar. The principal Retour à la Vie; Romeo and Juliette, street is wide and adorned with arcades 1834; Damnation de Faust, 1846; the and curious fountains; the houses generoperas Benvenuto Cellini, Beatrice and ally are substantially built of stone. Benedict, and Les Troyens; L'Enfance Among the public buildings are the great du Christ, and the Te Deum. He married Gothic cathedral, built between 1421 and an English actress, Miss Smithson, but 1502, and restored in 1887; the federallater lived apart from her. He died in council buildings; the old fortifications, 1869. After his death appeared Mé- commanding a splendid view of the Alps; moires written by himself. the university; the town-house, a Gothic Berm, in fortification, a level space a edifice of the fifteenth century; the mint few feet wide between the out- etc. Bern has an academy and several Bernadotte tion Protestant. Bernard a literary societies, and an excellent public the crown; but Bernadotte, retaining his library. Trade and commerce lively; man- position as crown-prince, became King of ufactures: woolens, linens, silk stuffs, Sweden on the death of Charles XIII in stockings, watches, clocks, toys, etc. Few 1818, under the title of Charles XIV. cities have finer promenades, and the en- During his reign agriculture and comvirons are very picturesque. Bern be- merce made great advances, and many came a free city of the empire in 1218. important public works were completed. In 1353 it entered the Swiss Confederacy. He died 8th March, 1844, and was sucPop. 80,095.-The canton of Bern has an ceeded by his son Oscar. area of 2657 square miles. The northern Bernard (ber-när), CHARLES DE part belongs to the Jura mountain system, French novelist of the school the southern to the Alps; between these of Balzac, born in 1804; died in 1850. being an elevated undulating region where His best works were: Le Gerfaut, 1838; is situated the Emmenthal, one of the La Peau du Lion, 1841; and Le Gentilrichest and most fertile valleys in Switzer- homme Campagnard, 1847. Many of his land. The southern part of the canton earlier works, however, are also widely forms the Bernese Oberland (Upperland). known, especially the Nœud Gordien. He The lower valleys here are fertile and also wrote poems and dramatic pieces. agreeable; higher up are excellent Alpine Bernard (ber-när), CLAUDE, a French pastures; and above them rise the highest physiologist, born in 1813; mountains of Switzerland (Finsteraar- studied at Paris; held in succession chairs horn, Schreckhorn, Wetterhorn, Eiger, of physiology in the Faculty of Sciences, and Jungfrau). The canton is drained by the College of France, and the Museum, the Aar and its tributaries; the chief and died at Paris in 1878. Amongst his lakes are those of Brienz, Thun, and many works may be cited his Researches Bienne. Of the surface over 58 per cent on the Functions of the Pancreas, 1849, is under cultivation or pasture. Agricul- and Researches on the Sympathetic Systure and cattle-rearing are the chief occu- tem, 1852. pations; manufactures embrace linen, Bernard (bër'närd), EDWARD, English cotton, silk, iron, watches, glass, pottery, scholar, born 1638; died etc. Bienne and Thun are the chief towns 1697. He was Savilian professor of asafter Bern. Pop. 642,215, six-sevenths tronomy at Oxford 1673-91. seing Germans and a still larger propor- Bernard (bër'närd), SIR FRANCIS, COlonial governor, born in 1714, Bernadotte (ber-na-dot), JEAN BAP- in England; died there 1779. In 1758 TISTE JULES, a French he was appointed governor of New Jersey, general, afterwards raised to the Swedish and transferred to Massachusetts in 1760, throne, was the son of an advocate of where he made himself unpopular among Pau, born in 1763. He enlisted at seven- the Colonists by his support of all measteen, became sergeant-major in 1789, and ures obnoxious to the Colonists. When subaltern in 1790. In 1794 he was ap- he left Boston on his recall to England, pointed a general of division, and distin- as a token of the rejoicing of the people, guished himself greatly in the campaign bells were rung, cannon were fired and the in Germany, and on the Rhine. In 1798 Liberty-tree' was hung with flags. he married Mademoiselle Clary, sister-in- Bernard (ber-när), SIMON, military law of Joseph Bonaparte. In the followofficer, born in France 1779. ing year he was for a short time minister He came to the United States in 1824 of war, and on the establishment of the with Lafayette. While chief engineer of empire was raised to the dignity of mar- the United States army he built Fort shal of France, with the title of Prince of Monroe, and had a part in the construcPonte-Corvo. In 1810, partly on account tion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal of his great popularity, the heir appar- and the Delaware Breakwater. ency to the Swedish crown was offered Bernard, GREAT ST., a celebrated Alto the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, who acpine pass in Switzerland, cepted with the consent of the emperor, canton Valais, on the mountain-road leadwent to Sweden, abjured Catholicism, and ing from Martigny in Switzerland to took the title of Prince Charles John. In Aosta in Piedmont, and rising to a height the maintenance of the interests of of 8150 feet. Almost on the very crest of Sweden a serious rupture occurred be- the pass is the famous Hospice. The tween him and Bonaparte, followed in buildings are substantially built of stone 1812 by his joining the coalition of sover- and are capable of accommodating seventy eigns against Napoleon. At the battle of or eighty travelers with beds, and of Leipsic he contributed effectually to the victory of the allies. At the close of the war strenuous attempts were made by the Emperor of Austria and other sovereigns to restore the family of Gustavus IV to sheltering 300, and is tenanted by a number of brethren of the order of St. Augustine. The hospice is connected with a station in the valley below, from which the monks are warned by telephone when |