Benton Benzoin college. A lawsuit, which lasted more made prisoner while fighting for the Polthan twenty years, was decided against ish Confederacy. Exiled to Kamchatka, him, but his opponents were unable to he gained the affections of the governor's carry out the sentence depriving him of daughter, who assisted him to escape with his mastership. In 1711 he published an his companions in 1771. They visited edition of Horace and in 1713 his remarks Japan, Macao, etc., and then went to on Collins's Discourse on Free-thinking, France. The French government having by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis. He was ap- requested him to form a colony in Madapointed regius professor of divinity in gascar he sailed thither, and was made 1716. In 1726 he published an edition of king in 1776 by the native chiefs. He Terence and Phædrus. He meditated an broke with the French government, sought edition of Homer, but left only notes. In private aid in England and America, Homeric criticism he has the merit of sailed again to Madagascar in 1785, and having detected the loss of the letter was killed fighting against the French 'digamma' (which see) from the written in 1786. His memoirs were published in texts. His last work was an edition of 1790. Milton's Paradise Lost, with conjectural Benzerta. emendations (1732). He died in 1742. statesman, born in or near See Bizerta. Benton (ben'tun), THOMAS HART, a Benzene (ben'zen; C.H.), an aromatic liquid hydrocarbon, discovered Hillsborough, North Carolina, in 1782; in 1825 by Faraday, and obtained from died at Washington, in 1858. Studying coal-tar and petroleum. It may also be law in Tennessee, he began practice at got by distilling 1 part of crystallized Nashville about 1811, and while serving benzoic acid intimately mixed with 3 parts as a soldier under General Jackson, in of slaked lime. It is thin, strongly re1812, had a quarrel which led to a duel fractive, and quite colorless, of a peculiar, in which Jackson was severely wounded. ethereal, agreeable odor, and boils at 80° He became editor of a political paper in C. It is used by manufacturers of India St. Louis, 1815; was elected U. S. Sena- rubber and gutta-percha on account of tor from Missouri in 1820, and remained its great solvent powers, in the preparain the Senate until 1851. As such he tion of varnishes, and for cleaning gloves, supported Presidents Jackson and Van removing grease-spots from woolen and Buren, and opposed Calhoun on the sub- other cloths, etc., on account of its power ject of nullification. He was elected a of dissolving fats and resins. It is highly member of the House in 1852 and opposed inflammable and explosive, even the vapor the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. catching fire if it comes in contact with In 1856 he was a candidate for the gov- a flame. ernorship of Missouri. He published a Benzoic Acid voluminous and valuable work entitled, (ben-zo'ik; CH.O.), an organic acid ob A Thirty Years' View, or a History of tained from benzoin and other resins and the Working of the American Government balsams, as those of Peru and Tolu, and for Thirty Years, also An Abridgment of benzene. It forms light, feathery, colorthe Debates of Congress from 1789 to less needles; tastes pungent and bitterish; 1856. odor slightly aromatic. It is used for medicinal purposes. colorless oily a city of Berrien Ben'ton Harbor, County, Michigan, Benzoic Ether, liquid, with a feeble near Lake Michigan, with canal connection. It is the shipping point of a great aromatic smell and a pungent aromatic fruit region, and has important manu- taste, obtained by distilling together 4 factures. There are numerous mineral parts alcohol, 2 of crystallized benzoic springs in its vicinity. Pop. 9185. acid, and 1 of concentrated hydrochloric or BINUE (ben'u-a, bin'u-ā; acid. Benué, mother of waters), a river of Benzoin (ben'zō-in, Africa the greatest tributary of the Niger, which it enters from the east about 250 miles above its mouth. Dr. Barth came upon the river in 1851, and its course was partly traced by Dr. W. Balfour Baikie, but its source was only reached (by Flegel) in 1883. This lies near lat. 8° N. and lon. 14° E. benʼzoin; Ar. luban jāwi, 'Javanese incense'), a solid, brittle, vegetable substance, the concrete resinous juice flowing from incisions in the stem or branches of the Styrax benzoin, a tree 70 or 80 feet high, nat. order Styracaceæ. In commerce several varieties are distinguished. of which the yellow, the Siam, the amyg Benyowsky (ben-i-ov'ski), MAURICE daloidal-the last containing whitish tears AUGUSTUS, COUNT OF, of an almond shape-and Sumatra firsts born in Hungary in 1741; served in the are the finest. It is imported from Siam, Seven Years' war; and in 1769 was Singapore, Bombay, and occasionally from Benzole Béranger Calcutta ; it is found also in South Amer- Béranger (ba-rän-zhā). PIERRE JEAN ica. The pure benzoin consists of two principal substances, viz., a resin, and an acid termed benzoic (which see). It has little taste, but its smell is fragrant when rubbed or heated, and it is used as incense in the Greek and Roman Catholic Benzoin Tree (Styrax benzoin). churches. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, in which form it is used as a cosmetic, a perfume, and in pharmacy. Benzoin may be produced by the contact of alkalies with the commercial oil of bitter almonds. It is also known as benjamin or gum benjamin. Benzole (-zōl'). Same as Benzene. Benzoline (ben'zō-lēn), a name of liquids of the same kind as benzene. DE, a distinguished French lyric poet, born in Paris 1780. His father was a restless and scheming man, and young Béranger, after witnessing from the roof of his school the destruction of the Bastille, was placed under the charge of an aunt who kept a tavern at Peronne. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a printer in Peronne, but was ultimately summoned to Paris to assist his father in his financing and plotting. After many hardships he withdrew in disgust from that atmosphere of chicanery and intrigue in which he found himself involved, betook himself to a garret, did what literary hack-work he could, and made many ambitious attempts in poetry and drama. Reduced to extremity, he applied in 1804 to Lucien Bonaparte for assistance, and succeeded in obtaining from him, first, a pension of 1000 francs, and five years later a university clerkship. Although as yet unprinted, many of his Béranger. Beowulf (be'o-wulf), an Anglo-Saxon epic, the only existing MS. of which belongs to the eighth or ninth century, and is in the Cottonian Library (British Museum). From internal evidence it is concluded that the poem in its songs had become extremely popular, and essentials existed prior to the Anglo- in 1815 the first collection of them was Saxon colonization of Britain, and that published. A second collection, published it must be regarded either as brought to in 1821, made him obnoxious to the BourBritain by the Teutonic invaders, or as bon government, and in addition to being an early Anglo-Saxon translation of a dismissed from his office in the university Danish legend. From the allusions in it he was sentenced to three months' imto Christianity, however, it must have prisonment and a fine of 500 francs. A received considerable modifications from third collection appeared in 1825, and in its original form. It recounts the adven- 1828 a fourth, which subjected him to a tures of the hero Beowulf, especially his second state prosecution, an imprisondelivery of the Danish kingdom from the ment of nine months, and a fine of 1100 monster Grendel and his equally formid- francs. In 1833 he published his fifth able mother, and, finally, the slaughter by and last collection, thereafter remaining Beowulf of a fiery dragon, and his death silent till his death. Shortly after the from wounds received in the conflict. revolution of February, 1848, he was The character of the hero is attractive elected representative of the department through its noble simplicity and disre- of the Seine in the constituent assembly, gard of self. The poem, which is the but sent in his resignation in the month longest and most important in Anglo- of May of same year. He died at Paris Saxon literature, is in many points ob- on July 16, 1857. From first to last he scure, and the MS. is somewhat imper- kept in sympathetic touch with the French fect. people in all their humors, social and Berar Berengarius political, influencing men in the mass Kabyles in Algeria and Tunis; and more than any lyric poet of modern times. In private life he was the most amiable and benevolent of men, living unobtrusively with his old friend Judith Frère, who died a few months before him. Berar (ba-rar'), otherwise known as the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, a commissionership of India, in the Deccan, area, 17,711 square miles, consisting chiefly of an elevated valley at the head of a chain of ghauts. It is watered by several affluents of the Godavari and by the Tapti, and has a fertile soil, producing some of the best cotton, millet, and wheat crops in India. The two principal towns of Berar are Amráoti (pop. 35,000) and Ellichpur (26,000). Coal and ironore are both found in the province, the pop. of which is 2,750,000. Berar was fourth, the Berbers of the Sahara, who (berh'tä; i. c., Bertha), in the folk-lore of S. Germany, a sort of female hobgoblin of whom naughty children are much afraid. Her name is connected with the word bright, and originally she was regarded as a goddess of benign influence. assigned by the Nizam to the British gov- Berchtesgaden (berh'tes-g-den) ernment in 1853 in security of arrears due. The old Kingdom of Berar was much more extensive. a town, Upper Bavaria, on the Achen or Alben in a beautiful situation, with a royal palace and villa, an ancient church, etc. There are important salt-mines in the neighborhood, and the people are also renowned for artistic carvings in wood. Pop. 10,046. Berdiansk (bėr-di-ansk'), a seaport Berber, the Nile, in the Egyptian of Taurida, on the north shore of the Sea Berat (ber-at'), a fortified town in the principality of Albania, situated about 30 miles northeast of the port of Avlona. It produces grain, oil and wine in abundance. Pop. 15,000. a town on the right bank of Soudan, about 20 miles below the conflu- of Southern Russia, gov. of Azof, with an important export and Berea College, a coeducational in some months, is held here, increasing the population from 10,000 to about 30,000. It came into British possession in 1885. Berberin (ber'be-rin), a golden-yellow in the five departments numbered 1350. coloring matter obtained Bereans (ber-e'ans; from several species of Berberis or barberry. stitution in Kentucky on the edge of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1916 the students enrolled or Barclayans, from their founder, Barclay), an insignificant sect of dissenters from Berberis (ber'be-ris), a genus of the Church of Scotland, who profess to plants, type of the nat. order Berberidaceæ or barberries. See Barberry. Berbers, a people spread over nearly derived. The chief branches into which follow the ancient Bereans (see Acts, xvii, 10-13) in building their faith and practice upon the Scriptures alone, without regard to any human authority whatever. Berengarius TOURS, born 998 at (be-ren-ga'ri - us) OF Tours, a teacher in the philosophical school in that city, and in 1040 Archdeacon of Angers; renowned for his philosophical acuteness as one of the scholastic writers, and also for the boldness with which, in 1050, he declared himself against the doctrine of transubstantiation, and for his consequent persecutions. He was several times compelled to recant, but always returned to the same opinions, until he Berenice was compelled, in 1080, by the opposition of Lafranc, to retire to the Isle of St. Cosmas, near Tours, where he died in 1088. This Berengarius must not be confounded with Peter Berenger of Poitiers, who wrote a defense of his instructor Abelard. Bergamot of Great Britain; it stirred up the government and led to the formation of the British Naval War Staff. Author of Life of Nelson, The Break-up of China, The Betrayal, etc. Beresford (ber'es- ford), WILLIAM CARR, VISCOUNT, a distinguished commander, a natural son of the first Marquis of Waterford; born in 1768. He entered the army, lost an eye in Nova Scotia, served at Toulon, and in Corsica, the West Indies, and Egypt. In 1806, as brigadier-general, he commanded the land force in the expedition to Buenos Ayres; and in 1808 remodeled the Portuguese army, receiving in return the titles Marshal of Portugal, Duke of Elvas, and Marquis of Santo Campo. He was subsequently engaged at Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, and Bayonne, and for his bravery at the battle of Toulouse was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron (Viscount, 1823) Beresford. He died in a 1854. Berenice (ber-e-ni'sē), 'bringer of victory', the name of seyeral distinguished women of antiquity; in particular the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes, King of Egypt. When her husband went to war in Syria she made a vow to devote her beautiful hair to the gods if he returned safe. She accordingly hung it in the temple of Venus, from which it disappeared, and was said to have been transferred to the skies as the constellation Coma Berenices. Also the daughter of Agrippa I, King of Judah, 37-44 A. D. During the Roman occupation she is said to have won a promise of marriage from Titus, never fulfilled. Berenice (ber-e-ni'sē), anciently town on the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea, a place of great trade. Berenson, BERNHARD, author and art Berezina (ber-ez'i-na), BERESINA, a critic, was born at Wilma, tributary of the Dnieper, Russia, in 1865; came to the United in the Russian province of Minsk, renStates with his parents and was educated dered famous by the disastrous passage of at the Boston Latin School and Harvard the French army under Napoleon during University. He graduated in 1887 and the retreat from Moscow, Nov. 27-29, went to Italy to study Italian painting. 1812. Beretta. See Biretta. He became an authority on the subject Berezov (ber-yoz'ov), a town in Westand contributed many articles to the art ern Siberia, government of journals of Italy, Germany and France. Tobolsk, on a branch of the Obi, the enAmong his published works are: Venetian trepôt of a large fur and skin district. Painters of the Renaissance, Lorenzo Pop., chiefly Cossack, 1073. Lotto, Florentine Painters, Central Italian Painters, A Siennese Painter of the Franciscan Legend. DE LA POER, British naval Berg, an ancient duchy of Germany, on the Rhine. Now included in governments Arnsberg, Cologne, and Düsseldorf. (ber'gå-må; ancient Per Beresford, ADMIRAL LORD CHARLES officer and parliamentarian, son of Rev. Bergama na town of Turkey John, fourth Marquess of Waterford; born in the county of Waterford, Ireland, in 1846. He commanded the Condor which bombarded Alexandria in 1882, and following the bombardment he instituted a regular police system in Egypt. He served with Lord Wolseley on the Nile Expedition, 1884-85, and was in command of the naval brigade at Abu Klea, Abu Kru, and Metemmeh. He became rearadmiral of the Mediterranean fleet in 1900; commanded the Channel Squadron, 1903-05: was promoted to Admiral in 1906. From 1905 to 1909 he was commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean and Channel fleets. He retired in 1911. He served as Member of Parliament for Waterford from 1874 to 1880; East Marylebone, from 1885 to 1890; York, 1897 to 1900; Woolwich, 1902. In his book, The Betrayal, he was outspoken in condemnation of the shipbuilding policy in Asia, north of Smyrna; contains fine ruins of a Roman palace, etc. Pop. est. from 6000 to 20,000. Bergamo North Italy, capital of the Province of Bergamo. Pop. 26,660. The (ber'ga-mot), a fruit-tree, a variety or species of the genus Citrus, variously classed with the orange, Citrus aurantium, the lime, Citrus limetta, or made a distinct species as Citrus bergamia. It is probably of Eastern origin, though now grown in S. Europe, and bears a pale-yellow pearshaped fruit with a fragrant and slightly acid pulp. Its essential oil is in high esteem as a perfume.-Bergamot is also a name given to a number of different pears. The name is commonly used for Bergedorf the mint Monarda fistulosa, because of Bergedorf (ber'gheh-dorf), a town Bergen (bergen), a seaport on the w. Bergk wine of the Dordogne district, sometimes termed in France petit champagne. Pop. 10,545. Bergh (burg), HENRY, humanitarian, was born in New York in 1823. Becoming interested in the treatment of domestic animals, he succeeded, in 1866, in having incorporated the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The humane work successfully carried on by Mr. Bergh soon enlisted the sympathies of women, and among his ablest assistants and most generous donors were ladies moving in the highest social circles in New York and elsewhere. He died in 1888. mostly of wood; with cathedral, museum, Berghaus (berh'house), HEINRICH, a etc. The trade is large, timber, tar, German geographer, born 1797, died 1884. He served in 1815 in the German army in France, and was from 1816 to 1821 employed in a trigonometrical survey of Prussia under the war department. From 1824 to 1855 he was professor of applied mathematics in the Berlin Academy of Architecture. Besides his various maps and his great Physical Atlas, he published Allgemeine Länderund-Völkerkunde (6 vols.), 1837-41; Die Völker des Erdballs (2 vols.), 1852; Grundlinien der physikalischen train-oil, cod-liver oil, hides, and dried Erdbeschreibung, 1856; Grundlinien der fish, being exported. Pop. 72,179. Ethnographie, 1856; Deutschland seit Bergen-op-zoom (ber'gen-op-zom), hundert Jahren (5 vols.), 1859-62; Was a town, Holland, man von der Erde Weiss (4 vols.), in a marshy situation on the Scheldt, 20 1856-60; Sprachschatz der Sassen, or miles N. N. W. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,668. Low German dictionary (left incomSocialist VICTOR L., first plete), etc. Berger, VICTOR elected to Congress (1911), Berghem (berh'hem), NICHOLAS, was born at Nieder Rebbuch, Austropainter, born at Harlem in Hungary, 1860, emigrated to America, 1624, pupil of his father, Peter Klaas, and after working at various trades be- and also of Van Goyen and the elder came editor of a Socialist paper in Mil- Weenix. He produced a large number of waukee. He was elected to the Sixty- works, chiefly landscapes with cattle, of second Congress (1911-13) from the Fifth which eleven are in the Louvre, eighteen Wisconsin district. Ran for Senator in at St. Petersburg, etc. He died at 1918, but was defeated. He was arrested Harlem, 1683. Dujardin was among his under the Espionage Act, charged with at- pupils. tempting to interfere with the operation Bergk (berk), THEODORE, a German of the Selective Draft Law in 1918. classical scholar, born in 1812, Bergerac (barzh-råk), a town of the died 1881. He was successively professor department of the Dor- at Marburg, Freiburg, and Halle, and dogne, France. It gives its name to the later resided at Bonn. He rendered most |