Boston Boswell In the War of Inde college of liberal arts, organized in 1873; 'town meeting.' a school of theology, 1871; a school of pendence it played an important part. law, 1872; a school of medicine, 1873; It was here that the opposition to the measures of colonial taxation and a graduate school of arts and sciences, British organized in 1874. The institution is were strongest. The defiance reached its co-educational. The New England Con- height when the Stamp Act was repealed, Phillips Pt. • Egg Rk. East Point MASSACHUSETTS the Tea Act being defied Gr.Pig Rks. by the throwing of three cargoes of tea into the harbor. Here the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, June 17, 1775. Pop. 670,585. In addition are a number of populous suburbs, some of them closely connecting with the city, there being about thirty cities and towns within a radius of ten miles of the statehouse. If these were incorporated into what is often called greater Boston, its population would considerably exceed a milAllerton Pt lion. In this region is an outer park system of 9276 acres of forest, seashore and river bank, with 12 miles of boulevard. Winthrop Boston BAY BOSTON Deer I. 8.Boston Governor 0 Brewster is. Moon!. Peddock I. Neponset of Quincy Bay Grap Neponset Quincy • Weymouth Fore B Beach THOMAS a Boston, Scottish divine, born at Dunse in 1677; died in 1732. He was educated at Edinburgh University received license to Besides servatory of Music is one of the largest in preach in 1697, and in 1707 was appointed the country. A prominent feature in to the parish of Ettrick in Selkirkshire, Boston is the number of good libraries. where he remained all his life. Besides those connected with the univer- engaging hotly in the ecclesiastical consities is the Public Library, occupying a troversies of his time, Boston published a magnificent building and containing more volume of sermons, several theological than 1,000,000 volumes, the State Library treatises, and his two well-known works, and others. Boston carries on an exten- The Crook in the Lot and Human Nature sive home and foreign trade, and is also in its Fourfold State. largely engaged in the fisheries. It is an Boswell (boz'wel), JAMES, the friend important steamship and railroad center, and biographer of Dr. Johnnumerous lines converging on the city, son, was the eldest son of Lord Auchinand to relieve the congestion of street leck, one of the supreme judges of Scottravel an elevated railway and an in- land. He was born at Edinburgh in 1740, He was tricate system of subways have been con- and died at London in 1795. structed. Many manufactures are carried educated at Edinburgh and Cambridge, on, one of the principal being that of became a member of the Scottish bar, boots and shoes. The first American but never devoted himself with earnestnewspaper was set up here in 1704. ness to his profession. In 1763 he beThe book trade of the city is important, came acquainted with Johnson—a circumand some of the periodicals are exten- stance which he himself calls the most He aftersively circulated. Boston was founded in important event of his life. 1630 by English emigrants, and received wards visited Voltaire at Ferney. Rousits name from Boston in Lincolnshire, seau at Neufchâtel, and Paoli in Corsica, whence several of the settlers had come. with whom he became intimate. In 1768, Notwithstanding its increasing size and when Corsica attracted so much attenimportance, the affairs of Boston for tion, he published his account of Corsica, nearly two hundred years were admin- with Memoirs of Paoli. In 1785 he setistered by the townspeople assembled in tled at London, and was called to the WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON The principal business street of Boston, named in honor of General Washington when the Continental troops occupied the city in 1776, after the withdrawal of the British forces. On this thoroughfare are located many of the largest business houses, finest theaters, and the great newspaper offices. The daily traffic is enormous. Boswellia English bar. Being on terms of the closest intimacy with Johnson, he at all times diligently noted and recorded his sayings, opinions, and actions, for future use in his contemplated biography. In 1773 he accompanied him on a tour to the Scottish Highlands and the Hebrides, and he published an account of the excursion after their return. His Life of Samuel Johnson, one of the best pieces of biog: Botany principal botanic gardens are those of New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and Cambridge. In Britain the chief botanic gardens are those of Kew (which see), Edinburgh, and Dublin. On the European continent the chief are the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, founded in 1634; and those of Berlin, Copenhagen, Florence, etc. Botany (bot'a-ni; Gr. botane, herb, raphy in the language, was published in plant), or PHYTOLOGY (Gr. 1791. His son ALEXANDER, born in 1775, phyton, plant, and logos discourse), is created a baronet in 1821, killed in a duel the science which treats of the vegetable in 1822, excelled as a writer of Scotch kingdom. humorous songs, and was also a literary Plants may be studied from several antiquary of no inconsiderable erudition. different points of view. The considera Boswellia (boz-wel'i-a), genus of tion of their general form and structure, a prises the study of the products of the vegetable kingdom as regards their use to man. balsamic plants belonging and the comparison of these in the various to the myrrh family (Amyridaceae), sev- groups from the lowest to the highest, eral species of which furnish the frank- constitutes vegetable morphology. Anatincense of commerce, more generally omy and histology treat respectively of known as olibanum. Índian olibanum is the bulkier and the more minute internal got from Boswellia thurifěra, a large structure of the parts, and physiology of timber tree found in the mountainous their functions. Systematic botany conparts of India. siders the arrangement of plants in groups Bosworth (boz'wurth), a small town and subgroups according to the greater in the county of Leicester, or less degree of resemblance between England, about 3 miles from which is them. Geographical botany tells of their Bosworth Field, where was fought, in distribution on the earth's surface, and 1485, the battle between Richard III and strives to account for the facts observed, Henry VII. This battle, in which while palæobotany bears the same relaRichard lost his life, put a period to the tion to distribution in the successive Wars of the Roses. Bosworth gives geological strata which make up the name to a parl. div. of the county. earth's crust. Economic botany comBosworth, JOSEPH, an English philologist, born in Derbyshire in 1790; died in 1876. He was ordained deacon in 1814, and after filling sev- The simplest plants are very minute, eral livings in England was British chap- and can only be studied by use of the lain at Amsterdam and Rotterdam for compound microscope. A little raintwelve years. He devoted much time to water which has been standing some time researches in Anglo-Saxon and its cog- when thus examined is found to contain nate dialects, the result of his studies ap- a number of roundish green objects, each pearing from time to time. His chief of which is an individual plant, consistworks are his Anglo-Saxon Grammar; ing of one cell only, with an external Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language; limiting membrane or cell-wall of a suband Compendious Anglo-Saxon and Eng- stance known as cellulose, within which lish Dictionary. In 1857 he was pre- is granular, viscid protoplasm. The sented to the rectory of Water Shelford, protoplasm is permeated by a green Buckingham, and next year was appointed Rawlinson Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford. In 1867 he gave $50,000 to establish a professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge. Bot, BOTT. See Botfly. coloring matter, chlorophyll, and em- more cellulose and protoplasm so as to Botany Botany spring and summer consist of such a can make out and mark by distinctive filamentous plant called Spirogyra. Or names the elements of which a stem or we may have a single flat sheet of cells, leaf is built up. The structure of thalas in the delicate green seaweed Ulva. lophytes and mosses is very simple, but Increased complexity of structure is ex- in the ferns, besides other well-marked emplified in many of the ordinary sea- tissues, we meet with one of so great weeds, the stalk and more or less flat- importance in the higher plants and so tened expansions of which are several to constantly present that it is used as a many cells thick, the external cell-layers distinctive characteristic of all the plants differing somewhat in structure from the above the mosses. Ferns and flowering internal. But we cannot distinguish in plants which contain this vascular tissue any of these between a stem, leaf, or are known as vascular plants, in contrast root, as we can, for instance, in the more to the thallophytes and mosses, or highly differentiated fern. Plants in cellular plants, where it is not found. which such a distinction cannot be Microscopical examination of a very drawn are called Thallophytes, and their thin longitudinal slice of the stem, whole body a thallus. Thallophytes can root, or leaf-stalk of a vascular plant be divided into two classes: Algo and reveals bundles of long cells running Fungi. The former are distinguished by lengthwise, the walls of which are not the presence of the green coloring matter uniformly thin, as in the cells making up chlorophyll, which is of vital importance the groundwork of the portion examined, in the physiology of the plant; some- but are covered with curious markings times the green color is obscured by the which are seen to represent local thickenpresence of a brown or red compound, as ings of the walls, thin places, or pits, in the brown and red seaweed. The being left between them. These cells, Fungi contain no chlorophyll, and also which are quite empty, are the wood differ in being composed not of expan- cells; they are placed end to end, and sions or masses of cells like the algae, when, as frequently occurs, the end-walls but of numbers of delicate interlacing separating the cavities of two cells become tubes or hypha, often forming, as in the absorbed, a wood vessel is formed. Near mushroom, quite large and complicated the elements of the wood, but differing structures. Lichens are an interesting greatly from them in their delicate, unclass between Algae and Fungi, inasmuch changed walls and thick, viscid contents, as they are built up of an alga and a are the bast-vessels, or sieve-tubes, so fungus, which live together and are called from the end-to-end communication mutually dependent on each other. between two cells being established, not by absorption of the whole wall, but by its perforation at numerous spots, forming a sieve, or cribriform, arrangement. This combination of wood and bast vessels forms the essential part of what is therefore known as vascular tissue. Going a step higher we reach the Mosses, where, for the first time, we distinguish a clear differentiation of the part of the plant above ground into a stem and leaves borne upon it. The stem is attached to the soil by delicate colorless hairs-root-hairs. Its structure is, Phanerogams, or Flowering Plants, however, very simple, and the leaves are represent the highest group of plants; merely thin plates of cells. Rising still Seed-plants would be a better name, as higher to the fern-like plants, including their main distinction from those already Equisetums (Horsetails) and Lycopods described is the production of a seed. (Clubmosses), we notice a great ad- The much greater variety in form and vance in complexity, both of external structure seen in them as compared with form and internal structure. The leaves the ferns justifies us in regarding them are large, often much branched, the as the highest group in the vegetable stem stout and firm, while instead of kingdom. They are divided into two the few simple hairs which was all the classes. (1) Those in which the seed indication of a root-system to be found in is developed on an open leaf, termed a the moss, there are well-developed true carpel, and called therefore Gymnosperms roots. Microscopical examination of sec- (Gr. gymnos, naked, and sperma, seed); tions of stem, leaf, or root reveals great and (2) those in which the seed is differences in structure between various developed in a closed chamber, formed groups of cells; there is, in fact, marked by the folding together of one or more differentiation of tissues. A tissue is a carpels, and called accordingly Angiolayer, row, or group of cells which have sperms (Gr. angeion, vessel). To the all undergone a similar development; by former belong the Conifers-pines and differentiation of tissues we mean that firs-and Cycads; to the latter the rest various layers, rows, or groups have of our trees and the enormous number of developed in different ways, so that we field and garden plants which are not |