KEY TO PRONUNCIATION

Three methods are used to indicate the pronunciation of the words forming the headings of the separate articles:

(1) By dividing the word into syllables, and indicating the syllable or syllables to be accented. This method alone is followed where the pronunciation is entirely obvious. Where accent marks are omitted, the omission indicates that all syllables are given substantially the same value.

(2) Where the pronunciation differs from the spelling, the word is re-spelled phonetically, in addition to the accentuation.

(3) Where the sound values of the vowels are not sufficiently indicated merely by an attempt at phonetic spelling, the following system of diacritical marks is additionally employed to approximate the proper sounds as closely as may be done:

A, as in fate, or in bare. Ger. Behn-&

of Indian names.

eu, a long sound as in Fr. jedne,= Ger. long ö, as in Söhne, Göthe (Goethe).

, the same sound short or medium, as eu, corresponding sound short or mediin Fr. bal, Ger. Mann.

a, as in fat.

as in fall.

um, as in Fr. peu=Ger. ō short. o, as in note, moan.

o, as in not,frog-that is, short or medium.

a, obscure, as in rural, similar to u in, as in move, two.

but, è in her: common in Indian

u, as in tube.

u, as in tub: similar to è and also to ɑ.
, as in bull.

ü, as in Sc abune=Fr. û as in da,
Ger. ü long as in grün, Bühne.
ů, the corresponding short or medium
sound, as in Fr. but, Ger. Müller.
of, as in oil.

où, as in pound; or as au in Ger. Haus, \

The consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, and z, when printed in Roman type, are always given their common English values in the transliteration of foreign words. The letter c is indicated by s or k, as the case may be. For the remaining consonant sounds the following symbols are employed:

ch is always as in rich.

erally much more strongly trilled.

d, nearly as th in this Sp. d ins, always as in 80.

Madrid, etc.

is always hard, as in go.

th, as th in thin.

th, as th in this.

represents the guttural in Scotch w always consonantal, as in we.

loch, Ger. nach, also other similar
gutturals.

, Fr. nasal n as in bon.
represents both English, and r in
foreign words, in which it is gen-

x = ks, which are used instead.
y always consonantal, as in yea (Fr
ligne would be re-written leny).
zh, as a in pleasure = Fr. ja

WINSTON'S CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE ENCYCLOPEDIA

WILLIAM

VOLUME II

Bennett, English composer, born in on Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1673. STERNDALE, an 1635 and 1640, and a volume of rondeaux 1816 at Sheffield, where his father was Benson, EDWARD FREDERIC, an Eng

Не

organist; became pupil of the Royal lish novelist, son of Edward Academy in 1826, and studied in Leipzig White Benson, was born in 1867. from 1836 to 1838. He is best known by produced Dodo, The Babe, Mr. Teddy, etc. his overtures, the Naiads and Parisina; Benson, EDWARD WHITE, one of the his cantatas, the May Queen and Women ablest of English prelates, of Samaria; and his little musical born at Birmingham, 1829; died in 1896. sketches, Lake, Millstream and Fountain. He became bishop of Truro in 1877, and He died in 1875. was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury

Ben-Nevis (nev'is), the most lofty in 1883. mountain in Britain, in Benson, MONSIGNOR ROBERT HUGH,

Inverness-shire, Scotland, south of the river and Glen of Spean. It rises to the height of 4406 feet, and in clear weather yields an extensive prospect. An obseryatory was established on its summit in May, 1881, by the Scottish Meteorological Society.

Bennigsen (ben'ig-sen), or BENNING

an English Roman Catholic priest and author, son of Edward White Benson, born at Wellington College, November 18, 1871; died October 19, 1914. He was ordained a priest at Rome in 1904; appointed assistant priest at the church in Cambridge in 1905; and private chamberlain to Pius X, in 1911. Benson,

SEN, LEVIN AUGUSTUS, WILLIAM SHEPHERD, an COUNT VON, Russian commander-in-chief, American naval officer born at Brunswick in 1745. After some (1855- ). He was born at Macon, Ga. years in the Hanoverian service he en- He graduated from the U. S. Naval tered that of Russia, 1773, distinguished Academy in 1877, gained his captaincy himself in Turkey and Poland, took part in 1909 and became a rear-admiral in in the conspiracy against Paul I, and was 1915. He served on various assignments made general by Alexander I. In the at the Naval Academy and afloat. He war with France, 1805-13, he played a was commandant of the Philadelphia most distinguished part, especially at the Navy Yard from 1913 to 1915 and bebattles of Pultusk, Eylau, Borodino, Tar- came Chief of Naval Operations on May utino and Leipzig. He retired from the 11, 1915. In November, 1917, Admiral Russian service to his paternal estate in Benson went abroad as the naval member Hanover in 1818, and died in 1826. of a commission sent by President Wilson (ben'ing-ton), a town to confer with the principal Allies. in Vermont, where, on a name applied to vari

Bennington

August 16, 1777, General Stark at the Bent-grass, ous wiry grasses such as

head of 1600 American militia was victorious over the British. It has large grow on commons and neglected ground manufactures of knitted and other goods and much used for lawns, including speand a State Soldiers' Home. Pop. 8698. cies of Agrostis alba, Agrostis canina, Ben-nut, the seed of Moringa pterygo Agropyron junceum, etc. perma, the ben tree of India, yielding the valuable oil of ben. See Ben, Oil of. Benserade (bans-räd), ISAAC DE,

Bentham (ben'tham), GEORGE, an English botanist, nephew of Jeremy Bentham, born in 1800; died in 1884. He published in French (1826) The French poet at the court Plants of the Pyrenees and Lower Langueof Louis XIV, born in 1613; died in 1691. doc, and with Sir J. D. Hooker he proHe wrote a paraphrase of Job, various duced the great work of descriptive tragedies and comedies, chiefly between botany, Genera Plantarum; another great

Bentham

Bentley

work of his was the Flora Australiensis. stimulate a revolt against the French in Bentham (ben'tham), JEREMY, a dis- Italy. From 1829 to 1835 he was govtinguished writer on poli- ernor-general of India. He died in 1839. tics and jurisprudence, born at London Bentinck, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE

in 1748; educated at Westminster and FREDERICK CAVENDISH, Oxford; entered Lincoln's Inn, 1763. He son of the fourth Duke of Portland, born was called to the bar, but did not prac- in 1802. He entered the army, but quitted tise, and, having private means, devoted it to become private secretary to Canning, himself to the reform of civil and criminal and in 1827 entered Parliament. Up to legislation. A criticism on a passage in 1846 he was a warm adherent of Sir RobBlackstone's Commentaries, published un- ert Peel; but in that year came forward der the title A Fragment on Government, as leader of the Protectionists in the 1776, brought him into notice. Of his House of Commons, abandoning the turf, other works the more important were: in which he had long reigned supreme. The Hard Labor Bill, 1778; Principles of With the assistance of Disraeli he mainMorals and Legislation, 1789; A Defense tained this position for two years, and of Usury, 1787; Introduction to the Prin- though often illogical, and sometimes unciples of Morals and Legislation, 1789; scrupulous in his statements, he neverDiscourses on Civil and Penal Legisla- theless commanded much attention by the tion, 1802; Treatise on Judicial Evidence, vigor and earnestness of his oratory and 1813, and the Book of Fallacies, 1824. deportment. He died in 1848.

His mind, though at once subtle and com- Bentley (bent'le), RICHARD, a great

prehensive, was characterized by some

English classical scholar and thing of the Coleridgean defect in respect critic, born near Wakefield, Yorkshire, in of method and sense of proportion: and 1662. At the age of fourteen he entered he is, therefore, seen at his best in works St. John's College, Cambridge, where he that underwent revision at the hands of took the degree of B. A. in 1680. In his disciples. Of these M. Dumont, by 1682 he became a master of Spalding his excellent French translations and re- School, and in the following year was aparrangements, secured for Bentham at an pointed tutor to Dr. Stillingfleet's son. early date a European reputation and He lived in Dr. Stillingfleet's house durinfluence, and his editions are still the ing 1683-89, studying deeply, and accommost satisfactory. In England James panied his pupil to Oxford. In 1684 he Mill, Romilly, John Stuart Mill, Burton, took his M.A. degree at Cambridge, and and others of independent genius, have in 1689 at Oxford, where two years later been among his exponents. In ethics he he won immediate reputation by the publimust be regarded as the founder of cation of his epistle to Mill on the Greek modern utilitarianism; in polity and Chronicle of Malalas. Dr. Stillingfleet criminal law he anticipated or suggested having been raised to the bishopric of many practical reforms; and his whole Worcester, made Bentley his chaplain, influence was stimulating and humanizing. and in 1692 a prebendary in his cathedral. He died in London, 6th June, 1832. The same year he delivered the first series Benthos, the name given to the fixed of the Boyle Lectures, his subject being a "organisms of ocean and confutation of atheism. In 1694 he was deep lake waters, in distinction to plank- appointed keeper of the royal library at ton, or floating organic matter. It con- St. James's Palace, and in 1696 came sists chiefly of algae, usually attached to into residence there. Two or three years stones, thence called lithophytes. It is after began his famous controversy with sparse above low water mark, on account the Hon. Charles Boyle, afterwards Earl of injurious exposure to atmospheric in- of Orrery, relative to the genuineness of fluences, but rich below this level; the the Greek Epistles of Phalaris, an edition green and brown sea-weeds predominating of which was published by Boyle, then a in the more shallow waters, the red at a student at Christ Church, Oxford. In greater depth; at great depths all plant this dispute Bentley was completely viclife disappears. torious, though the greatest wits and Bentinck (ben'tink), LORD WILLIAM critics of the age, including Pope, Swift, CAVENDISH. He was the Garth, Atterbury, Aldrich, Dodwell and second son of the third Duke of Portland, Conyers Middleton came to Boyle's assist born in 1774. He served in Flanders, in ance. Bentley's Dissertation on the Italy under Suwaroff, and in Egypt; was Epistles of Phalaris appeared in 1699governor of Madras 1803-5; and com- a monument of controversial genius manded a brigade at Corunna. In 1810 a storehouse of exact and penetrating he was British plenipotentiary and com- erudition.' In 1700 he was presented to mander-in-chief of the troops in Sicily: the mastership of Trinity College. Camand in 1813 headed an expedition into bridge, and from this period until 1738 Catalonia. In 1814 he endeavored to he was at feud with the fellows of that