"tion what the moral and intellectual faculties may be in them"selves. We do not attempt to explain how the body and soul are joined together and exercise a mutual influence.”—Physi"ognomical System, p. 250.

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The New Monthly." Gall happening one day to see a beggar with a bump on the upper posterior part of his head, inquired of him the cause of his mendicity. The beggar replied, that' pride was the cause: he considered himself too "important to acquire any business, and therefore only spent money, and did not think of earning a livelihood.' From THIS answer, Professor Gall was convinced that the organ of pride had elevated the beggar's skull, as well as all others who imagine themselves emperors, kings, and ministers."

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Dr Gall himself-Dr Gall, after mentioning the case of the beggar, who, from being the son of a rich merchant, came to mendicity through excessive pride, notices the cases of a boy who, at seven years of age, was infatuated with pride, and refused to follow any occupation, and of a German prince, whose pride was excessive, and remarks, that in all the three the same part of the brain was very largely developed. He adds, that these instances gave him the first idea of the feeling of pride depending on a primitive faculty; and continues, "These proofs DID NOT APPEAR to me SUFFICIENT to establish the "seat and external appearance of this organ. I collected new "facts to avoid the reproach of gratuitously maintaining para"doxes. I am obliged to restrain myself to a small number of "facts in regard to this organ, as is the case in regard to the "others. My object is accomplished, if those I do narrate enable "naturalists to make farther observations for themselves.*

"A young man, he adds, endowed with faculties above mediocrity, had manifested, from his infancy, insupportable pride. "He constantly maintained that he was of too good a family to "work or apply himself to any thing. Nothing could free him "of this almidity; he was even put, for eighteen months, into "a house of correction at Hainar. A physician of Vienna, an "otherwise amiable man, carried the feeling of pride to such a "point, that every time when called to a consultation, even "with practitioners older than himself, or with public profes"sors, he regularly took the precedence both in entering and coming out of the apartment. When any document was to "be subscribed, he insisted on adhibiting his signature first. "He had connected himself with the director of the Great Hospital, but solely, as he told himself afterwards, for the pur66 pose of supplanting him. At Heidelberg, I saw a girl of eighteen, of a remarkable character. Every word or gesture

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"in the least free revolted her. She called on God on every "occasion, as if he took a special interest in her affairs. When "she spoke, assurance and presumption were painted in her "features; she carried her head high and a little backwards, " and all the movements of her head expressed pride. She was "not capable of submission; when in a passion, she was violent "and disposed to proceed to all extremities. Although only "the daughter of a quill merchant, she spoke her native language with extraordinary purity, and communicated only with persons of a rank superior to her own." "In all these indi"viduals the organ of Self-esteem was very largely developed." "The organ was equally conspicuous in an insane patient at Baden, near Rastadt. This man's insanity consisted in be-. "lieving himself a Major. He had a small head, and the "only organ which was developed in a high degree, was that "of Self-esteem; the whole other convolutions of the brain being very small. In the charity workhouse of Fribourg, we saw an insane man who was extremely proud. He declares, in a "vehement and pathetic tone, that he is supported by the aid "of which God created and preserves the world; that he has "been crowned by Jesus Christ; that he is the young man "whom the Queen of Heaven has selected for her spouse. His " attitude is that of an arrogant despot. Deeply inspired with "sentiments of his high importance, he crosses his arms, and, "to give an idea of the astonishing force which he possesses, he "strikes his breast and sides with violence. In general, he "stands with one foot placed before the other, the body erect, "and a little inclined backwards. When I requested him to "allow me to touch his head, he replied, with astonishing arro"gance, Ich habe Keinen Kopf, sondern ein Haupt," I have no "head such as common men possess, but a Haupt or head peculiar "to Kings and Gods. He turned away, holding us to be totally "unworthy of approaching him. We observed, however, very "distinctly, that he had the organ of Self-esteem very largely "developed." Dr Gall mentions, that he had examined also the heads of a number of Chiefs of Brigands, remarkable for this quality of mind, and that he had found the organ largely developed in them all.

We could add a great number of observations of our own in corroboration of this organ; but as the question with the General's brother relates to what Gall has said of it, we withhold these, and only observe, that we are greatly at a loss to perceive either wit or sense in asserting, as he does, and as many others have done, that Gall set down the organ of Self-esteem as established for no reason but that he found it large in a beggar. We wish we had our fingers over the

heads of such opponents. There is so much impudence and conceit in assertions so absurd and unfounded, that we infer no small endowment of the organ in these sapient gentlemen themselves. If it is deficient in them, this fact would shake our faith in it more than all the arguments they are fit to bring forward in a year.

The New Monthly." The difference between one man and "another is prodigious, and the pretended cause is evanescent. "For when the head of a humane man is compared with that "of a murderer, and even when their brains are dissected, no "distinction can be perceived, except by the adept! and he owns "that the difference is hardly discernible."

If the lamented General's brother will make a peregrination to the shop of Mr James Deville, 367, Strand, he will find casts of the heads of above forty murderers, and of many humane men, and if he cannot distinguish the differences, amounting in some parts to upwards of an inch, we renounce the science for ever. This is a fair challenge, for most assuredly he is no adept!

The New Monthly." The most celebrated of the ancient phi"losophers, in order to inspire virtuous deeds, were wont to "extol the dignity of human nature; whereas some of the mo"derns strive to vilify it by assimilating men to the nature of "beasts. But this plan of self-degradation has been carried by "Gall and Spurzheim to the utmost extreme, as they have classed "mankind among the carnivorous animals, and given him an or"gan of Destructiveness, which instils the propensity of killing "animals, and of tormenting and murdering men."

Dr Spurzheim." It is now to be examined with what view "nature has created this propensity. We cannot imagine that this "propensity is innate in order to murder man. Carnivorous ani"mals are endowed with this propensity, but they do not kill "other individuals of their own kind, they kill other animals in "order that they themselves may live. In what, then, does the "food of man consist? He lives on other animals, and, there"fore, he must kill them." See also No I. of this Journal, p. 25. Lord Kames versus the New Monthly Magazine.-" There is a "contrivance of nature no less simple than effectual, which engages men to bear with cheerfulness the fatigues of hunting "and the uncertainty of capture; and that is an appetite for hunting."-"It is an illustrious instance of providential care, the adapting the internal constitution of man to his external circum"stances. The appetite for hunting, though among us little necessary for food, is, to this day, remarkable in young men, high "and low, rich and poor: Natural propensities may be rendered

"faint and obscure, but never are totally eradicated.”—Kames's Sketches, b. 1. § 4.

The Nen Monthly." The disorder produced in the brain by augmentation of certain organs when childhood is past, would "be still greater; for as the cranium is always full, and at that age completely ossified, no external yielding could ensue: consesequently the increase of one set of organs would compress, "injure, or destroy the adjoining ones."

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Dr Spurzheim." The parts of our body are continually dek composed and composed again, the matter which constitutes "our body being evacuated by excretions, and replaced by other "matter, furnished by alimentation. Like all other parts of our "body, the brain and skull are submitted to this decomposition " and composition; and, according to the natural law establish"ed between the skull and the brain, the brain, at all AGES, "commands the directions in which the bony mass is deposited in "order to form the skull. If the whole brain, or some parts, "increase or decrease, the ossification of the skull follows always "the size and form of the brain." (P. 244.) "The diseased state "of the brain also proves our assertion relative to the form of "the skull. There is no skull without brain; for if monsters "be born without brain, their skull also is wanting. If in idiots "from birth, the brain be hindered from increasing, the skull "remains small; and if, on the contrary, the brain be distend"ed by water accumulated in its cavities, the skull participates "in this extension, whether it be general, or exist only in par"ticular places." (P. 225.)-Will the gallant General's brother dispute these statements as correct physiological doctrines?

Our opponent makes a variety of other erroneous statements, stale as stories told for the twentieth time, and as often corrected and refuted in reviews and magazines, and especially in the Phrenological Transactions and Journal. Not one word of these discussions appears to have reached this gentleman's eyes, and he writes boldly on, as if all the world were as ignorant of them as himself. Yet he means fairly, and we bear him no malice, but sincerely trust, that next time he wields the pen for war, he will point it more sharply, and charge it heavier with fact and argument.

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ARTICLE VII.

DR HIBBERT ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF APPARITIONS."

IN treating of the subject of apparitions, we shall state,1st, The phenomena to be accounted for. 2dly, The phrenological theory by which they are explained. 3dly, The theory of Dr Hibbert; and, lastly, We shall mention some facts which have been observed by Phrenologists in regard to persons who see apparitions.

"One of the most authentic instances that has ever been re"corded of spectral illusions, is contained in the curious narra"tive written many years ago by Nicolai, the famous bookseller " and author of Berlin. It is, indeed, a case which affords cor"rect data for investigations relative to the Belief in appari"tions; on which account, I shall take the liberty of transcribing the narrative in this essay, however frequently it may "have appeared before the public.

"Those who pretend to have seen and heard ghosts,' says "this writer, 'obstinately maintain, that they perceived apparitions by means of their senses. In order to defeat that "belief, we generally desire them to consider how many people have been imposed upon by artful novices, and how "liable we are to deceive ourselves; we advise them to lay "hold of the supposed spectres, assuring them, that they are

generally found to be of a very corporeal nature. But those "who have a predilection for the miraculous pay no regard to "these objections; insisting, that the productions of their dis"❝ordered imaginations are real beings. We cannot, therefore, "collect too many of such well-substantiated facts, as show "how easily our imagination imposes on us erroneous_no"❝tions, and deludes not only delirious persons, but even those "who are in the full possession of their faculties, by causing "them to see phantoms which scareely can be distinguished from real appearances.

"I have myself experienced a case of this nature, which to "me appears highly remarkable, both psychologically and me"dieinally; I saw, in a state of mind completely sound, and "after the first terror was over, with perfect calmness, for

nearly two months, almost constantly and involuntarily, a "vast number of human and other forms, and even heard "their voices, though all this was merely the consequence of

Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions; or, an Attempt to trace such Illusions to their Physical Causes; by Samuel Hibbert, M. D. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, and G. & W. B, Whittaker, London, 1824.

VOL. I.-No IV.

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