and impose silence by threatening to shoot the man who dares to call their actions by their right names. Secretiveness, the knowing organs, Love of Approbation, and Ideality, all large, produce that ease, elegance, and appearance of refinement by which such persons impose upon the superficial. Secretiveness is an essential ingredient in their composition. It contributes largely to that knowing tact which they imagine themselves to possess of concealing themselves and deciphering others; combined with Firmness and Selfesteem large, it produces that power of exhibiting in public an exterior expressive only of indifference, whatever emotions may harrow up the mind. the mind. Combined with deficient Conscientiousness, it renders all those little equivocations, false assurances, and promises, made only to be broken, which distinguish the fashionable of easy practice. At the same time, Love of Approbation fixes a limit to this unprincipled but disguised baseness; it permits the individual to go just as far as the manners and maxims of his class will permit, and arrests him on the verge of every offence which would be visited by loss of caste.

Our object in this long analysis is to remark, that such conduct and qualifications are displays of great natural mental defects; that they bespeak extreme poverty in Conscientiousness, one of the noblest sentiments of our nature, and indicate a close resemblance in natural constitution between the persons we have described, and criminals in lower life who perish on the scaffold. Instead of their system of selfishness, and deceit, and animal indulgence, being the emanation of an intellect more profound and knowing than that which admires the purer and nobler code of honesty, it is exactly the reverse; for while the latter results from the activity of all the faculties in the highest degree of energy and enlightenment, the former is the offspring of deficient faculties, and an intellect blind to the constitution of the moral world. When Phrenology is thoroughly known, a man will no more be proud of exhibiting his mental weaknesses than he is at present of showing VOL. I.-No III.

2 G

off a crook in his leg or a hump upon his back. Etherington, however, is the representative only of the class of fashionables which may be denominated blackguard. True elegance and refinement of manners, the characteristics of nature's nobility, proceed from a predominant endowment of the higher sentiments and intellect, and when this combination occurs, the individual, if properly educated, will surpass the flash pretenders to breeding as much in grace as in morality and honour.

Tyrrel, speaking of Etherington's fraudulent marriage with Clara Mowbray, says,-" Had there been passion in his " conduct, it had been the act of a man, a wicked man indeed, "but still a human creature, acting under the influence of hu"man passions; but his was the deed of a calm, cold, calculat"ing demon, actuated by the basest and most sordid motives of "Self-interest, joined, as I firmly believe, to an early and inve"terate hatred of one whose claims he considered as at variance " with his own"* This description is given by an exasperated opponent; but it is fundamentally in accordance with the author's portrait of his lordship. Nevertheless, the author afterwards observes, that "whatever were Etherington's "faults, he did not want charity, so far as it consists in giv"ing alms." This, in phrenological language, is saying, that, with all his unprincipled Selfishness, Benevolence was not wanting in his mind; and that when it could be indulged without sacrifice of his other and more predominating feelings, he was not averse to its exercise. This representation is perfectly consistent with nature; and although the Phrenologists would not have been permitted by their sapient opponents to say so on the authority of their science, it may perhaps be allowed to pass without severe censure, when found in the pages of the Great Unknown. The key to the character is, that Benevolence was not deficient; but that Selfishness was a far more powerful feeling, and that there was not sufficient moral principle to repress the latter and enforce the dictates of the former as a matter of duty and obedience.

Etherington, in his correspondence, exerts all his Secre

Vol. III. p. 60.

tiveness to conceal his real feelings towards Tyrrel; yet the latter tells him, "I detect your hatred to this man in every "line of your letter; even when you write with the greatest "coolness; even where there is an affectation of gayety, I read your sentiments on this subject, and they are such as,-I will "not preach to you, I will not say a good man, but such as every wise man,-every man who wishes to live on fair terms "with the world, and to escape general malediction, and perhaps a violent death, where all men will clap their hands and "rejoice at the punishment of the patricide, would, with all "possible speed, eradicate from his breast.'

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We notice this passage to remark, that it forms an answer to the superficial objection often stated against our science, that the genuine sentiments of the mind cannot be discovered, and of course cannot be compared with the development of the brain. Where the feelings act with energy, and the observer possesses Concentrativeness, Secretiveness, Imitation, Individuality, and Causality large, a combination which gives tact for appreciating character, the deepest disguise will prove thin as the airy cobweb, and the workings of the mind will stand revealed to his intellect in perfect transpa rency. This combination, no doubt, is denied to many, and then only actions are perceived. Such persons see with their eyes, but not with their understandings; and as motives have neither form, magnitude, nor colour, they are withdrawn from their observation, and when spoken of by others, appear as pure fictions of the imagination. These objectors, like many other opponents of newly-discovered truths, claim the merit of exercising a spirit of philosophic hesitation, when in fact they merely display intellectual deficiencies.

"I know not, says Etherington, whether such doubts are natu"ral to all who have secret measures to pursue, or whether nature "has given me an unusual share of anxious suspicion; but I can"not divest myself of the idea, that I am closely watched by some one whom I cannot discover." This is the natural language of Secretiveness and Cautiousness, when the mind ist conscious of a wicked purpose.

"A shy cock this Frank Tyrrel," thought Touchwood; "a very complete dodger! But no matter, I shall wind him, were

Vol. III. p. 9.

"he to double like a fox. I am resolved to make his matters

my own; and if I cannot carry him through, I know not who "can." We have already remarked, that Self-esteem is a leading feature of Touchwood's character; and this passage contains a forcible representation of the manner of feeling produced by the faculty. The first person is ever on the tongue, as it is always in the thoughts of him in whom this is a predominating organ.

When any faculty is vehemently active, it fills the mind with desires corresponding to its nature, and prompts to conduct calculated to afford it gratification. "Fool," said

Mowbray to his sister, "let me go! Who cares for thy worth"less life? Who cares if thou live or die? Live if thou canʼst, "and be the hate and scorn of every one else as much as thou "art mine."*

"He grasped her by the shoulder, with one hand pushed her "from him; and as she rose from the floor, and again pressed "to throw her arms around his neck, he repulsed her with his "arm and hand, with a push or blow, it might be termed either one or the other,-violent enough, in her weak state, to have "again extended her on the ground, had not a chair received "her as she fell. He looked at her with ferocity, grappled a "moment in his pocket; then ran to the window, and throwing "the sash violently up, thrust himself as far as he could, with"out falling, into the open air. Terrified, and yet her feelings "of his unkindness predominating even above her fears, Clara " continued to exclaim, Oh, brother, say you did not mean this! "Oh, say you did not mean to strike me!-Oh, whatever I "have deserved, be not you the executioner !—It is not manly, "it is not natural,—there are but two of us in the world."

"She fearfully, yet firmly, seized the skirt of his coat, as if "anxious to preserve him from the effects of that despair which "so lately seemed turned against her, and now against himself. "He felt the pressure of her hand, and drawing himself "angrily back, asked her sternly what she wanted.

"Nothing,' she said, quitting her hold of his coat; ' but "what-what did he look after so anxiously?'

"After the devil!' he answered, fiercely; then drawing in "his head and taking her hand, By my soul, Clara, it is true, "if ever there was truth in such a tale! He stood by me just now, and urged me to murder thee! What else could have put "my hunting knife into my thought? Ay, by God, and into my very hand, at such a moment? Yonder, I could almost fancy "I see him fly the wood, the rock, and the water, gleaming "back the dark-red furnace-light, that is shed on them by his dragon-wings!-By my soul, I can hardly suppose it fancy!

Vol. III. p. 228.

"I can hardly think but that I was under the influence of an "evil spirit, under an act of fiendish possession! But gone as he "is, gone let him be; and thou, too ready implement of evil, "be thou gone after him! He drew from his pocket his right "hand, which had all this time held his hunting-knife, and "threw the implement into the court-yard as he spoke; then "with a mournful quietness and solemnity of manner, shut the window, and led his sister by the hand to her usual seat, "which her tottering steps scarce enabled her to reach."

The conflict betwixt Destructiveness, on the one hand, and Benevolence and Cautiousness on the other, is here fearfully depicted. This bearing in, as the old writers termed it, of wicked purposes on the mind, attended with Consciousness, at the same time, of their horrible atrocity, is in exact correspondence with the doctrine of a plurality of higher and lower powers, each performing its own functions in connexion with, but to a certain extent independent of the others.

The following passage is strongly descriptive of great and overwhelming natural energy in the lower propensities, and of a fearful deficiency in the moral powers. The early companion of Clara Mowbray, who had aided Etherington in the deception practised upon her in the marriage, proceeds:

They say every woman that yields, makes herself a slave to "her seducer; but I sold my liberty not to a man, but a de"mon! He made me serve him in his vile schemes against my "friend and patroness ;—and oh! he found in me an agent too willing, from mere envy, to destroy the virtue which I had "lost myself. Do not listen to me any more. Go and leave me "to my fate; I am the most detestable wretch that ever lived,— "detestable to myself, worst of all, because even in my peni"tence there is a secret whisper that tells me, that were I as I have been, I would again act over all the wickedness I "have done, and much worse. Oh! for Heaven's assistance to "crush the wicked thought!"

At the very point of death she repeats the same sentiment,"Do not despair,' said Cargill, Grace is omnipotent,-to " doubt this is in itself a great crime.'

"Be it so!-I cannot help it,-my heart is hardened, Mr "Cargill; and there is something here,' she pressed her bosom, "which tells me, that with prolonged life and renewed health, even my present agonies would be forgotten, and I should be66 come the same I have been before.' Either this is out of