thorough Self-esteem, however, will learn to stomach this dislike to serve their own ends, and to "crook the pregnant hinges of the knee, where thrift may follow fawning." They will generally, however, endeavour, if they can, to revenge themselves for this on their own inferiors, and to force upon them a double portion of the bitter bolus they have themselves been compelled to swallow. Hence it is observed, that they who are the greatest sycophants to those above them, (and the selfish ever will be so, in order to serve their own selfish purposes), are often the greatest tyrants to those beneath them. The cause of both is the same.-Self-esteem and Veneration, both great, exerting their energies alternately. With superiors the latter prevails, with inferiors the former. When his Veneration takes the direction of religion, the man of great Self-esteem, if Benevolence and Conscientiousness are not in equal proportion, shews his Selfishness even in this. His very devotion is selfish, and is tinctured by a too exclusive regard to his own spiritual interests. If it takes the direction of loyalty, or a regard for the royal dignity and state, it will probably shew itself in a certain nationality of feeling, not in a devotion to kings in general, but to his own king in particular; and rather in a respect to the Crown as an emblem of national greatness than in an attachment to the individual who happens to wear it. This seems to be a characteristic in the loyalty of Englishmen.

Self-esteem, combined with Hope, sees every thing in the future that suits its own selfish wishes. When the Hope is very strong, and Intellect moderate, the man of great Selfesteem has a confidence in his own good fortune which no disasters can abate. His thoughts are fixed upon some object of desire, which he still continues to expect, after a thousand disappointments; and he ever confidently believes, that he shall obtain the object hoped for. This was the case with Robert Bruce, who, in the greatest depth of his distress, ever confidently expected to regain the Crown, and to recover the liberties of his country; and

continued to do so, under circumstances which, to a man of deep reflection, must have appeared perfectly desperate. This was the case with Mary M'Innes, who, when she earnestly desired any thing, said that it was often "borne in on "her mind" that she should obtain it; and whatever strong emotions impelled her, whether they were expressed in prayers or imprecations, believed that these had the power to procure her what she desired, as the Sagas of the north, who believed they possessed the power, by their prayers, to procure a wind or to dispel a tempest. A similar trait is related by the late Mr Nugent Bell, in his very interesting account of the Huntingdon peerage case. He mentions, that when Captain Hastings, now Lord Huntingdon, was quite depressed by the difficulties that were thrown in his and expressed his fears, that that young man (meaning Mr Bell) had been deceived by his too great eagerness to serve him, his wife, Mrs Hastings, used to say, "Leave that young man "alone, and my life on it he will succeed." Strong Selfesteem and Hope, dazzled with the prospect of a title, and with a more limited intellect, which rendered her blind to the difficulties, would produce exactly such a manifestation.

way,

Self-esteem, combined with Ideality, will produce a strong desire to enjoy objects which are remarkable for beauty. The ingredient of Self-esteem will here shew itself in the same engrossing and exclusive spirit which we have seen accompanies it in some of the other combinations. It will not only lead the individual to desire the enjoyment of what is beautiful; but he will not be satisfied without the exclusive enjoyment of it. This combination leads to the enormous prices which are sometimes given for pictures and other objects of art, particularly if to any real or supposed beauty in them there be added the enhancing quality of rarity. It` is Self-esteem, in addition to Ideality, which makes us put such a value upon what is extremely rare; for that which is beautiful in itself never can become less so because another person has the same. To the man of great Self-esteem, however, this makes all the difference in the world. In pic

tures, it is the pride of the collector to possess so many "undoubted originals." And to the biblio-maniac the pos session of an unique copy of a work is a treasure above all price. The same combination leads to the enclosing of large tracts of beautiful scenery to form a park or pleasure-ground; and although, perhaps, the proprietor does not see it twice a-year, the sacred precincts are nevertheless guarded with scrupulous care, and "men-traps and spring-guns" are set to keep the profanum vulgus aloof. It must have been a prodigious Self-esteem, joined to great Ideality, which gave existence to Fonthill.

That Self-esteem, which is so prevalent a feature in the English character, may, perhaps, account for what seems almost peculiar to this country,-the many splendid country residences and parks of our nobility, the care with which they are kept, and we may add, guarded from profane intrusion. In France and Italy, the chateaux and palazzos of the nobility are almost everywhere falling to ruin, and the gardens that once surrounded them, and which still exhibit some remains of the taste and wealth of their former owners, are become perfectly neglected, and reduced to the state of wildernesses. In these countries, Self-esteem is not so prevalent as in England. The Love of Approbation which, probably, with them, gave rise to such structures, has now yielded to unfavourable circumstances, or has taken a different direction. To the same cause may be owing the greater ease with which you get admittance abroad to collections of paintings and works of art of all kinds. Privacy and retirement, even in private dwellings, does not seem to be there regarded as a matter of comfort; and you may at any time see the palace of a Roman noble, and walk through every room, from the cellar to the garret, by paying half-a-crown to a domestic. Love of Approbation thus induces them to shew what an Englishman, from his greater Self-esteem, engrosses to himself. In this, Self-esteem, within due bounds, is necessary to respectability.

Self-esteem, joined to a large Conscientiousness, makes

a man to be very tenacious and stickling in regard to the rights and privileges of himself and his fellows, and feelingly alive to any supposed invasion of them. Hence arises, as we imagine, the prodigious irritability of the English nation on the subject of liberty, or what they are pleased to consider as such. The speeches of mob-orators, and the declamations in the radical prints, are perfect marrow to the bones of John Bull, and are exactly calculated to tickle his Self-esteem, through the medium of his Cautiousness and Conscientiousness. The same combination will account for the well-known aristocratical tendencies of the great Whig families of England, and for the apparent inconsistency of their constantly ringing the changes upon the common topics of declamation, as to the rights and liberties of the people, while they are themselves the greatest contemners of that very "people" whose rights they are so fond of talking about. While among the lower orders, Self-esteem, in the combination just mentioned, excites their indignation against any thing like oppression, among the higher, it excites that horror of a vagrant or a poacher which besets so many worthy and patriotic noblemen.

But of all the combinations of Self-esteem, the most thoroughly untractable is, when it is joined to a great Firmness. With this combination, it would require the most enlarged intellect, and the best constitution of the moral powers, to preserve the individual from the imputation of obstinacy. But as these seldom meet in entire perfection in one development, the tendency of the combination certainly is to produce this impracticable quality. Cautiousness would be a desirable addition to this combination, in order to prevent the possessor from too rashly committing himself; for when he has once done so, he cannot endure the thought of retracting, and he will die rather than acknowledge his error. It is reported of a great literary character, that the first time he saw asparagus he began to eat the white part, and when told that he should eat the green and not the white, he replied that he "always

"ate the white part of asparagus." He, however, did not eat any more, and he was never afterwards observed to eat asparagus.

Self-esteem combined with Wonder will produce a desire to excite this sentiment in others, and to astonish them by some display of our own powers or performances. A man with large Self-esteem, Love of Approbation, and Wonder, with a defective Conscientiousness and limited intellect, is peculiarly fitted for drawing a long bow. He will always be the hero of his own tale; and if you listen to him, he will give you an account of the most incredible exploits and adventures he has gone through. If he has been abroad, there will be no bounds to the wonders he will relate of what he has seen in his travels. He will be a perfect Munchausen-a liar of the first magnitude. Ferdinand Mindez Pinto was but a type of him. He will tell you "Of antres vast, and deserts idle,

"Rough quarries, rocks and hills, whose heads touch heav'n; "And of the cannibals that each other eat

"The anthropophagi, and men whose heads "Do grow beneath their shoulders."

If he has been in action, Hannibal and Alexander were fools to him. He is fit to stand by "Cæsar, and give direc"tion ;" and for deeds of desperate valour, his are of such a kind that those of Robert Bruce, Wallace, or Amadis de Gaul, are not to be mentioned on the same day. If a battle is lost, he will tell you, had he commanded on the occasion, how he would have avoided the faults of the leader, and converted the defeat into a victory. He would "challenge twenty of the enemy and kill 'em-twenty more, "kill 'em-twenty more, kill them." The man is, perhaps, otherwise good-natured, quiet, and inoffensive, and if you take his stories with some grains of allowance, may be really a sensible and an amusing companion.

In reference to the intellectual powers, Self-esteem produces this effect, that however deficient those powers may be that are joined with it, the individual will confidently believe that his abilities are the measure of those of the whole human race, and that no man possesses any powers