"ness to be taught; they have, however, been sadly neglected, (p. 86.) It has been remarked," he continues, "I do "not know with what truth, that half-breeds shew more per"sonal courage than the pure Crees." It is impossible to contrast the skulls of American Indians, Caraibs, New Zealanders, and other savage tribes, in the Phrenological Society's collection, with those of Europeans, and not be struck with the great deficiency of the former in the regions of the moral and intellectual organs. As a general rule, the offspring inherits the development of brain, as well as the other bodily qualities of the parents, at least of the particular stock to which the parents belong; and hence the children of European and Indian marriages ought to possess heads better developed than those of native Americans, but still inferior to those of average Europeans. In the present instance, the mental manifestations correspond to such an endowment; for the half-breeds are distinctly described as superior in aptness of learning to the aboriginal Crees. We hope some future traveller will inform us concerning the modification of brain by which they are distinguished.

In treating of the organ of Cautiousness, Dr Gall mentions that, among the lower animals, he had found it generally larger in females than in males; and as evidence of the former acting more habitually under its influence in avoiding danger, he states, that, in snaring cats and squirrels, he uniformly caught many more males than females; and he cites also reports of the number of bears killed in a season in Virginia, and of the wolves destroyed in a department of France, by which the same result appears. Captain Franklin adds his testimony to the fact of the general cautiousness of females in avoiding danger. "It is extraordinary," says he, "that although I made inquiries extensively amongst "the Indians, I met with but one who said that he had "killed a she-bear with young in the womb." A female, when rearing young, becomes bolder than in ordinary circumstances, apparently owing to a sympathetic excitement of the organs of Combativeness, situated near to those of the

love of offspring; and it is probable, from analogy, that the organs of Cautiousness, besides being generally larger in females, may, by some arrangement of nature yet undiscovered, be excited into more constant activity during uterogestation than at other periods.

ness.

"The looks of the STONE INDIANS," says our author, “would have prepossessed me in their favour, but "from the assurances I had received from the gentlemen of "the posts of their gross and habitual treachery," (p. 104.) This indicates great Secretiveness and deficient Conscientious"They steal," continues Captain F., " whatever they "can, particularly horses, which they maintain are common property," (p. 105.) They usually strip defenceless per"sons whom they meet of all their garments, but particularly of those which have buttons, and leave them to travel "home in that state, however severe the weather. If resist"ance is expected, they not unfrequently murder before they attempt to rob," (p. 108.) They originally entered this part of the country under the protection of the Crees. They are still their allies, but have become more numerous than their former protectors. "They exhibit all the bad

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qualities ascribed to the Mengive or Iroquois, the stock "from whence they are sprung." This character is so opposite to that of the Crees, that a more admirable opportunity of investigating the effects of different developments of brain could scarcely have occurred. If the description of the Stone Indians is correct, they ought to possess more of the organs of Destructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and Self-esteem, and less of Benevolence, Love of Approbation, and Conscientiousness, than the Crees. As they appear to be also the more energetic tribe, they ought to have larger heads.

"The CHIPEWYANS are by no means prepossessing "in their appearance.” "Their manner is reserved, and "their habits selfish." This indicates great Self-esteem and Firmness, with little Benevolence and Love of Approbation.

"They beg with unceasing importunity for every thing they see. "I never saw men who either received or bestowed a gift with such "bad grace; they almost snatch the thing from you in the one in"stance, and throw it at you in the other. It could not be expected that such men should display in their tents the amiable hospitality which prevails generally amongst the Indians of this country. A stranger may go away hungry from their lodges, unless "he possesses sufficient impudence to thrust, uninvited, his knife "into the kettle and help himself. The owner indeed never deigns "to take any notice of such an act of rudeness, except by a frown, "it being beneath the dignity of a hunter to make disturbance "about a piece of meat," (p. 156.)

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This description is the very portrait of the manners produced by a large Self-esteem and little Love of Approbation; and it contrasts strongly with the character of the Crees, who respect property, but are "vain, great boasters," and "very hospitable ;" all indicating Love of Approbation, much more powerfully possessed than Self-esteem. "As some relief to the darker shades of their character, it should "be stated, that instances of theft are extremely rare amongst "them." This would indicate moderate Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness, and some Conscientiousness. They profess "strong affection for their children, and some regard for "their relations, who are often numerous, as they trace very "far the ties of consanguinity." These observations indicate Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness fully developed, and add another to the already numerous proofs of the feelings which are connected with these organs being distinct from the sentiment of general benevolence. They evince "no little vanity, it is said, by assuming to themselves "the comprehensive title of The People,' whilst they de"signate all other nations by the name of the particular "country,” (p. 159.) If this observation, that they display no little vanity in any respect, were well founded, it would be at variance with the characteristics of extreme selfishness, of extreme bad grace in bestowing or receiving favours, and their want of hospitality; because vanity can spring from no source but a powerful Love of Approbation, and such an endowment is incompatible with the manners ascribed to them. On a correct analysis, however, there is really no inconsistency

in the different features of the portrait. The assumption of the title of "The People" is not an indication of vanity, but of Self-esteem,-feelings extremely different in themselves, but frequently confounded by persons not addicted to minute discriminations. The Crees are vain and great boasters, and these are pure emanations of Love of Approbation. The Chipewyans are sullen and reserved in their manners, do not solicit the admiration of others, which all men do who boast, but assume to themselves a lofty epithet, indicating a proud consciousness of their own vast superiority, and their contempt for all other tribes of the human race, savage or civilized.

The ESQUIMAUX are said to manifest considerable Constructiveness, and the COPPER INDIANS are described as

"Essentially the same with the Chipewyans, but in personal char"acter they have greatly the advantage of that people,-a circum"stance which is to be attributed probably to local causes, perhaps "to their procuring their food more easily and in greater abun"dance. The DOG-RIB INDIANS (sometimes called, after the Crees, Slaves) inhabit the country to the westward of the Copper Indians, as far as M'Kenzie's river. They are of a mild, hospi"table, but rather indolent disposition. They spend much of their "time in amusements, and are fond of singing and dancing. In "this respect and another, they differ very widely from most of the "other aborigines of North America. I allude to their kind treat"ment of the women. The men do the laborious work, whilst "their wives employ themselves in ornamenting their dresses with quill-work, and in other occupations suited to their sex. "Wentzel has often known the young married men to bring specimens of their wives' needle-work to the forts, and exhibit them "with much pride.* Kind treatment of the fair sex being usually "considered as an indication of considerable progress in civilization, "it might be worth while to inquire how it happens that these people have stept so far beyond their neighbours. They have "had, undoubtedly, the same origin with the Chipewyans, for their languages differ only in accent, and their mode of life is essential66 ly the same. We have not sufficient data to prosecute the inquiry with any hope of success, but we may recall to the reader's

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Mr

A phrenologist would say vanity;" for if they had been proud they would have been too highly satisfied with themselves to ask applause from others.

"memory what was formerly mentioned, that the Dog-ribs say they come from the westward, whilst the Chipewyans say that "they emigrated from the eastward," p. 290.

This description leads us to believe that the Dog-ribs are really sprung from a tribe different from that of the Chipewyans; for mild and hospitable dispositions, fondness for singing and dancing, a taste for embroidery and finery, and so much elevated feeling as to treat their women with kindness and respect, indicate a much larger development of the organs of Intellect and of the moral sentiments than the Chipewyans seem to possess. In the present state of our knowledge, however, regarding the actual development of brain of these people, all is obscurity and conjecture.

The author mentions also the Hare Indians, Loucheux, Squint-Eyes, or Quarrellers, the Sheep Indians, and Strongbow Indians, but the account of them is little interesting. "The Strong-bows and Rocky-mountain Indians have a tradition "in common with the Dog-ribs, that they came originally from the "westward, from a level country, where there was no winter, which "produced trees and large fruits rare to them. It was inhabited "also by many strange animals, amongst which there was a small "one whose visage bore a striking resemblance to the human coun"tenance. During their residence in this land their ancestors were "visited by a man who healed the sick, raised the dead, and per"formed many other miracles, enjoining them at the same time to "lead good lives, &c. No one knew from whence this good man came, or whither he went," p. 293.

We cannot conclude this article without adverting to JOHN HEPBURN, an English sailor, who accompanied Captain Franklin and Dr Richardson in the expedition. In the preface to the work a tribute of gratitude is paid to this individual; and it is acknowledged, that, to his exertions in a considerable degree was owing the ultimate safety of the officers, who survived the perils and privations that overwhelmed many, and had nigh proved fatal to all. In returning from the sea to Fort Enterprise, the expedition was overtaken by winter in all its severity, and accompanied by more than its usual horrors. The distance they had to travel was about 300 miles, and the route lay over a barren wilderness, in which was neither road nor human habitation.