"exalted post of giving permanence to spiritual joy, in defiance of "temporal sorrow.”

Let no one, after reading this fine passage, affect to think that phrenology is inconsistent with religion, or dare to assert that it threatens the smallest injury to the dearest interests of men.

ARTICLE X.

NARRATIVE of a JOURNEY from the SHORES of HUDSON'S BAY to the MOUTH of the COPPER-MINE RIVER, &c. By Captain JOHN FRANKLIN.

ONE of the greatest evils produced by the opposition which Phrenology has met with has been the deterring from the study of it many individuals to whom a knowledge of its principles would have been of the greatest utility, and by whom the most valuable contributions to the stock of human knowledge might have been made in return. This reflection was forcibly suggested to us by perusal of Captain Franklin's work, now on our table. He and Dr Richardson appear to have possessed that endowment of faculties which fitted them for observing character; and they were placed in an enviable situation for the exercise of their talents, had they enjoyed the advantages of a rational system of mental philosophy to direct them in their observations, and confer consistency on their conclusions. They possessed opportunities of observing tribes very little removed from the condition of primitive nature, and not as mere passengers through their territory, but as sojourners among them. They held intercourse with them in prosperity and adversity, in joy and sorrow, in situations where they could command, and in circumstances in which they were absolutely dependent on their bounty. Whatever native good sense, and a desire to communicate useful information could accomplish, they have pre

sented to their readers in the Narrative before us; and our present duty, therefore, shall be limited to pointing out how much more might have been gained had they been initiated into the doctrines of our science; and we hope hereby to induce future travellers to avail themselves of its aids.

Captain Franklin mentions, that the Orkney seamen are extremely cautious, and English sailors the reverse. The former made many scruples, inquiries, and stipulations before they would engage in the expedition, while the latter, in general, dash thoughtlessly into any undertaking in which they are solicited to embark, (p. 6.) This difference may arise from one of two causes either the English sailors move in a more varied and extensive field of service, and, in consequence, become more familiar with danger, and less alive to its terrors, or they possess naturally a smaller development of the organs of Cautiousness than the natives of Orkney. The first hypothesis would be received by readers in general as perfectly satisfactory, and yet, from many observations of the limited influence of external circumstances in producing striking peculiarities of mental character, we are led to suspect the latter to be the real origin of the difference. Whichever conjecture may prove correct, it would be in. teresting to ascertain the actual size of the organs of Cautiousness in both of these classes of seamen.

The ESQUIMAUX are represented by Captain Franklin as cunning in making bargains. The women brought to the expedition imitations of men, women, land-animals, and birds, carved with labour and ingenuity, out of sea-horse teeth. The dresses of the men, and the figures of the animals, were not badly executed, but there was no attempt at delineation of the countenances. They were fond of mimicking the speech and gestures of the Europeans, (pp. 17, 18, 19.)

This description indicates considerable endowment of Constructiveness, Secretiveness, and Imitation. In the works on Phrenology, it is mentioned, that Secretiveness is large in all eminent actors and artists; and Mr Scott gives an account

of its subserviency to the production of expression. In its more vulgar manifestations it leads to cunning. It is interesting to observe, that Captain Franklin represents the Esquimaux as possessed at once of cunning and some talent for expression in their works of art. Mr Scott farther remarks, that Secretiveness gives the power of calling up the natural language of the other faculties, and in this way contributes largely to the talent for acting; and one of his illustrations is, that "women can weep at will." Captain Franklin proceeds in his description of the Esquimaux thus:-" When "the women had disposed of all their articles of trade, they "resorted to entreaty; and the putting in practice of many en"ticing gestures was managed with so much address as to 66 procure them presents of a variety of beads, needles, and "other articles in great demand among females," (p. 19.) This coincides precisely with the power which Mr Scott supposes Secretiveness, especially when combined with Imitation, to confer; and certainly it would have been highly interesting to know how far the development of the organs coincided with the Phrenelogical theory.

The following account is given by our author of the CREE INDIANS: Their original character, says he, must have been modified by intercourse with Europeans. Food, soil, and access to spirits operate on the moral character of a hunter. They have not benefited much by European intercourse, but this is not their fault, no pains have been taken to inform them. "The Crees, at present, are a vain, fickle, impro❝vident, and indolent race, and not very strict in their ad"herence to truth, being great boasters." Fickleness, improvidence, and indolence, are indicative of a brain, in the whole, rather small, and not much developed in the regions of Cautiousness and Reflection; Hope should be full, while Combativeness and Destructiveness, which inspire with energy, should not be predominant organs. Vanity and boasting are clearly referable to an excessive Love of Approbation. "On the other hand," continues the author, "they strictly regard the rights of property-they enter a house

66

❝ and see articles of value, yet nothing is ever missed." This is so very remarkable a feature in the dispositions of savages that we greatly regret our ignorance of the development which accompanies it. In several thieves whose heads we have examined in this country, we found Secretiveness and Selfesteem; the one the origin of cunning, the other of self-love, large, with Acquisitiveness well developed, and Conscientiousness deficient. Now, to produce a natural tendency to perfect honesty, in regard to property, we would infer a different combination, namely, moderate Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and Self-esteem, and considerable Conscientiousness; but here also no light is shed on our inquiries by Captain Franklin from his unacquaintance with phrenology.

He proceeds, "They are susceptible of the kinder affections, "capable of friendship, very hospitable, tolerably kind to "their women, and withal inclined to peace." These traits are clearly referable to Benevolence and Adhesiveness, without much Combativeness and Destructiveness. 66 They are "extremely superstitious." The The power of phrenology as an analytic instrument here comes into play. Improvidence and Indolence, we said, indicated much Hope and little Reflection. Extreme superstition flows from the same sources, with the addition of much Veneration, and it is still more aggravated by Wonder; and here we see a beautiful consistency in the delineation of which the narrator himself probably would not be aware. "They are fond of gaming." We have observed in actual life, that persons who are addicted to this vice have generally considerable Acquisitiveness and Hope, The former of these qualities appears, from other parts of the description, not to be strongly marked in the Cree character, while the latter is evidently powerful. We are unable, in the present state of our information, to solve this difficulty.

"They are not deficient in the sexual propensity, and se"duce each other's wives," (p. 68.) This indicates Amativeness in full proportion. "Both sexes are extremely indulgent to their children," (p. 69.) This is evidently referVOL. I.-No. II.

T

able to Philoprogenitiveness. "They shew great fortitude " in the endurance of hunger and the other evils incident to '66 a hunter's life." This may be accounted for in two ways: 1st, From frequent exposure to these evils they probably do not feel them so acutely as Europeans would do; and, secondly, It is the point of honour among savages to endure without complaining; and we have seen that Love of Approbation, from which this sentiment arises, is in them very powerful. At the same time it is proper to remark that, so far as we have observed in real life, Secretiveness and Firmness in considerable strength are necessary to the suppression of painful emotions; and from the Crees being described as open in their manners and fickle, we would doubt the largeness of these organs. Some additional information, therefore, is required to enable us to reconcile these to each other. "They ❝ seldom meet their enemies in open warfare," (p. 71.) This fact harmonizes with the preceding representations of their deficiency in Combativeness and Destructiveness, and in general force of character.

"Tattooing is almost universal with the Crees, and is very "painful." A Cree tattooed, in the most exquisite pitch of the natural fashion, is animated by the same feelings as a European dandy, decorated according to the supreme ton of London or Paris; Love of Approbation is the mainspring of the conduct in both; and this faculty we have seen manifests itself strongly in Cree Indians in other respects; so that here we have an interesting harmony in the features of the picture indicative of its truth.

None of the doctrines of phrenology has been more ridiculed by the superficial than that which maintains the influence of the laws of propagation on the manifestations of the mind, and yet it is admitted equally by physiologists and by accurate observers of nature. In speaking of the HALF-BREED INDIANS, our author remarks, that "these métifs, or, as "the Canadians term them, bois-brulés, are upon the whole "a good-looking people, and where the experiment has been “made, have shewn much aptness in learning, and willing