Gall remarks, that the talent for design, so essential to a painter, is connected with the organ of Constructiveness, so that the art which he practised publicly was a manifestation of the faculty.

Dr Scheel of Copenhagen had attended a course of Dr Gall's lectures at Vienna, from which he went to Rome. One day he entered abruptly, when Dr G. was surrounded by his pupils, and presenting to him the cast of a skull, asked his opinion of it. Dr G. instantly said, that he “ had "never seen the organ of Constructiveness so largely deve"loped as in the head in question." Scheel continued his interrogatories. Dr Gall then pointed out also a large development of the organs of Amativeness and Imitation. "How do you find the organ of Colouring?" I had not "previously adverted to it," said Gall, "for it is only mo"derately developed." Scheel replied, with much satisfaction," that it was a cast of the skull of Raphael." Every reader, acquainted with the history of this celebrated genius, will perceive that Dr Gall's indications were exceedingly characteristic. Casts of this skull may be seen in the Phrenological Society's collection, and also in De Ville's in London, and O'Neill's in Edinburgh, and the organs mentioned as large will be found very conspicuously indicated. That of Constructiveness in particular presents the round elevated appearance above described, as the surest indication of its presence in a high degree.

Several of Dr Gall's auditors spoke to him of a man who was gifted with an extraordinary talent for mechanics, and he described to them before hand what form of a head he ought to have, and they went to visit him: it was the ingenious mathematical instrument-maker, Lindner, at Vienna; and his temples rose out in two little rounded irregular prominences. Dr Gall had previously found the same form of head in the celebrated mechanician and astronomer David, frere Augustin, and in the famous Voigtlænder, mathematical instrument-maker. At Paris, Prince Schwartzenberg, then minister of Austria, wished to put Drs Gall and

Spurzheim to the test. When they rose from table, he conducted Dr Gall into an adjoining apartment, and shewed him a young man: without speaking a word, he and the Prince rejoined the company, and he requested Dr Spurzheim to go and examine the young man's head. During his absence, Dr Gall told the company what he thought of the youth. Dr S. immediately returned, and said, that he believed him to be a great mechanician, or an eminent artist in some collateral branch. The Prince, in fact, had brought him to Paris on account of his great mechanical talents, and supplied him with the means of following out his studies.

Dr Gall adds, that at Vienna, and in the whole course of his travels, he had found this organ developed in mechanicians, architects, designers, and sculptors, in proportion to their talent; for example, in Messrs Fischer and Zauner, sculptors at Vienna; Grosch, engraver at Copenhagen; Plotz, painter; Hause, architect; Block, at Wurzbourg; Canova; Muller, engraver; Danecker, sculptor, at Stuttgardt; Baumann, engineer for mathematical and astronomical instruments; in a young man, whose instruction the late King of Wurtemberg intrusted to M. Danecker, because he had remarked in him a great talent for mechanics: in M. Hösslein, of Augsbourg, who, in 1807, had constructed, from simple description, a hydraulic bélier, which, with a descent of two feet, raised water more than four feet; in Ottony and Pfug, at Jena; Hueber, designer of insects, at Augsbourg; in Baader and Reichenbacher, at Munich; in Baron Drais, inventor of the velociped, and of a new system of calculation. In Bréguet and Regnier, at Paris, &c. &c.

Dr Spurzheim mentions the case of a milliner of Vienna, who was remarkable for constructive talent in her art, and in whom the organ is very large. A cast of her skull is in the Phrenological Society's collection, (skulls, No 5,) and it presents an appearance, in this particular part, resembling Raphael's.

Dr Gall mentions, that it is difficult to discover the position of this organ in some of the lower animals, on account

of the different disposition of the convolutions, their small size, and the total absence of several of them which are found in man. The organ of Music in the lower creatures is situated towards the middle of the arch of the eyebrow, and that of Constructiveness lies a little behind it. In the hamster, marmot, and castor, of which he gives plates, it is easily recognised; and at the part in question, the skulls of these animals bear a close resemblance to each other. In the "rongeurs," the organ will be found immediately above and before the base of the zigomatic arch, and the greater the talent for construction, the more this region of their head is projecting. The rabbit burrows under ground, and the hare lies upon the surface, and yet their external members are the same. On comparing their skulls, this region will be found more developed in the rabbit than in the hare. The same difference is perceptible between the crania of birds which build nests, and of those which do not build. Indeed the best way to become acquainted with the appearance of the organ in the lower animals is to compare the heads of the same species of animals which build, with those which do not manifest this instinct; the hare, for example, with the rabbit, or birds which make nests with those which do not.

organ

Thus far Dr Gall. Our own belief in this faculty and is founded on the following, among other observations: The organ is very largely developed in Mr Brunell, the celebrated inventor of machinery for making blocks, for the rigging of ships, by means of steam; and who has, besides, shewn a great talent for mechanics in numerous departments of art. His mask is No 10 of the Phrenological Society's collection. It is large in Edwards, an eminent engraver (mask No 11), in Wilkie (No 19), Haydon (20), and J. F. Williams (21), celebrated painters; in Sir W. Herschell (42), whose great discoveries in astronomy arose from the excellence of his telescopes made by his own hands; and in Mr Samuel Joseph, an eminent sculptor (No 48). In the late Sir Henry Raeburn, who was bred a goldsmith, but became a

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painter by the mere impulse of nature, without teaching, and without opportunities of study, we observed it large. We have found it large, also, in Mr Scoular, a very promising young sculptor, who displayed this talent at a very early age. We have noticed it large in all the eminent operative surgeons of this city, in our distinguished engravers, such as Mr James Stewart, Mr Lizars, and Mr C. Thomson; and also in the most celebrated cabinet-makers, who have displayed invention in their art. We have observed it and Form large in a great number of children who were fond of clipping and drawing figures. A member of the Medical Society, some years ago, read an essay against phrenology to that body. He asked a phrenologist to take tea with him, and thereafter to go and hear the paper. During tea his son entered the room, and his lady, pointing to the child, said to the phrenologist, Well, what do you "perceive in this head ?" The phrenologist replied, "Form "and Constructiveness are large, and he ought to clip or "draw figures with some taste."—" Very correct,” answered the lady, and produced several beautiful specimens of his ingenuity in this respect. Her husband observed, that "it "was a curious coincidence," and proceeded to read his paper, and remains, we believe, an opponent, but a courteous one, to this day. One fact is no evidence on which to found belief, but it ought to lead to observation, while the author of the essay condemned phrenology on argument alone. The writer of this article, many years ago, and before he knew phrenology, employed a tailor, who spoiled every suit of clothes he attempted to make; and he was obliged to leave him for another, who was much more successful. Both are still alive, and he has often remarked, that in the former the organ in question is very defective, while in the latter it is amply developed. On the other hand, we possess a cast of the head of a very ingenious friend, distinguished for his talents as an author, who has often complained to us of so great a want of constructive

ability, that he found it difficult even to learn to write; and in his head, although large in other dimensions, there is a conspicous deficiency in the region of Constructiveness. To these negative instances fall to be added the casts and skulls of the New Hollanders in the Phrenological Society's collection. These are all remarkably narrow in the situation of this organ; and travellers have reported, that the constructive arts are in a lower condition with them than with almost any other variety of the human race. Contrasted with them, are the Italians and French. An accurate and intelligent phrenologist authorises us to state, that during his travels in Italy, he observed a full development of Constructiveness to be a general feature in the Italian head; and we have observed the same to hold, but in a less degree, in the French. Both of these nations possess this organ in a higher degree than the English in general. Individuals, among the latter, are greatly gifted with it, and the nation in general possesses high intellectual organs, so that great discoveries in art are made in this country by particular persons, and speedily adopted and carried forward by those whom they benefit; but the natural taste for works of art, and the enjoyment derived from them, are here less in degree and less general than in France, and especially than in Italy. The busts of eminent artists of former ages display also a great development of this organ; in particular, in the bust of Michael Angelo, in the church Santa Croce at Florence, the breadth from temple to temple is enormous. The reflecting organs, also, situated in the forehead, and likewise Ideality, in him are very large; and these add understanding and taste to the instinctive talent for works of art, conferred by Constructiveness.

When Dr Spurzheim was in Edinburgh, in 1817, he visited the work-shop of Mr James Mylne, brass-founder, a gentleman who himself displays no small inventive genius in his trade, and in whom Constructiveness is largely developed, and examined the heads of his apprentices. The